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Analytic philosophy - Exam
Contributed by: Jordan
  • 1. Analytic philosophy is a branch of philosophy that emphasizes clarity, rigor, and logical analysis in the examination of concepts and arguments. It originated in the early 20th century and is characterized by its focus on language, logic, and the philosophy of mind. Analytic philosophers often seek to clarify and analyze the meanings of concepts through the use of logic and language, aiming for precise and well-defined arguments. Key figures in analytic philosophy include Bertrand Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein, and Gottlob Frege.

    Who formulated the famous 'philosophical zombie' argument?
A) Søren Kierkegaard
B) Ludwig Wittgenstein
C) David Chalmers
D) John Dewey
  • 2. Who is known for his work on logic and philosophy of mathematics in analytic philosophy?
A) Jean-Paul Sartre
B) Jacques Derrida
C) Friedrich Nietzsche
D) Gottlob Frege
  • 3. Which school of thought is closely associated with analytic philosophy?
A) Logical positivism
B) New Age spirituality
C) Nihilism
D) Structuralism
  • 4. Who famously presented the 'Gettier problem' in epistemology within analytic philosophy?
A) Friedrich Hayek
B) Henri Bergson
C) David Hume
D) Edmund Gettier
  • 5. Who is known for his work on the theory of descriptions in analytic philosophy?
A) Karl Marx
B) Simone Weil
C) Michel de Montaigne
D) Bertrand Russell
  • 6. Analytic philosophy originated primarily in which country?
A) Greece
B) France
C) Germany
D) United Kingdom
  • 7. Who introduced the concept of 'language games' in analytic philosophy?
A) Michel Foucault
B) Simone de Beauvoir
C) Ludwig Wittgenstein
D) Martin Heidegger
  • 8. What is the primary language of analytic philosophy?
A) Latin
B) French
C) German
D) English
  • 9. Which school of thought is characterized by an emphasis on analysis, clear prose, and formal logic?
A) Existentialism
B) Continental philosophy
C) Analytic philosophy
D) Phenomenology
  • 10. What is the linguistic turn in analytic philosophy primarily concerned with?
A) Metaphysics and ontology
B) Aesthetics and art
C) Language and meaning
D) Ethics and morality
  • 11. Which philosopher is known for introducing the problem of intentionality?
A) Gottlob Frege
B) Franz Brentano
C) Bertrand Russell
D) Ludwig Wittgenstein
  • 12. What does intentionality refer to in the context of mental phenomena?
A) An ethical judgment
B) A physical phenomenon's properties
C) A mental state's intensity
D) The 'aboutness' or directedness towards an object
  • 13. Which school of thought did Franz Brentano influence through his work?
A) The School of Brentano, including Husserl and Meinong
B) Existentialism
C) Hegelianism
D) Logical positivism
  • 14. Who founded the Graz School known for its unique ontology?
A) Saul Kripke
B) W. V. O. Quine
C) Wilfrid Sellars
D) Alexius Meinong
  • 15. What is the term used to describe Meinong's ontology of real, nonexistent objects?
A) Logical empiricism
B) Continental idealism
C) Analytic realism
D) Meinongianism
  • 16. Which philosopher emphasized 'small philosophy' and detailed analysis of specific problems?
A) Rudolf Carnap
B) G. E. Moore
C) Kazimierz Twardowski
D) David Lewis
  • 17. Which philosopher is associated with the decline of logical positivism?
A) Gottlob Frege
B) Alexius Meinong
C) Franz Brentano
D) Wilfrid Sellars
  • 18. What did Franz Brentano mean by 'intentional in-existence'?
A) The characteristic of mental phenomena to include an object within themselves
B) A physical phenomenon's existence
C) An ethical principle
D) A mathematical proof
  • 19. What is the term for objects like flying pigs or golden mountains in Meinong's ontology?
A) Real, nonexistent objects
B) Logical constructs
C) Empirical observations
D) Physical phenomena
  • 20. What is a key characteristic that distinguishes mental phenomena from physical phenomena according to Brentano?
A) Physical presence
B) Logical consistency
C) Intentional in-existence
D) Empirical evidence
  • 21. What is the main contrast between analytic and continental philosophy?
A) Analytic focuses on metaphysics, while continental focuses on science
B) Analytic emphasizes ethics, while continental emphasizes logic
C) Analytic is concerned with aesthetics, while continental is concerned with mathematics
D) Analytic focuses on technical analysis, while continental is more literary
  • 22. What philosophical project did Frege advocate for reducing arithmetic to pure logic?
A) Empiricism
B) Phenomenology
C) Rationalism
D) Logicism
  • 23. Which book by Frege introduced modern mathematical and predicate logic with quantifiers?
A) Begriffsschrift (Concept-script)
B) The Foundations of Arithmetic
C) Philosophie der Arithmetik
D) Grundgesetze der Arithmetik (Basic Laws of Arithmetic)
  • 24. What philosophical stance did Frege oppose in the philosophy of mathematics?
A) Psychologism
B) Empiricism
C) Logicism
D) Rationalism
  • 25. Who simplified Dedekind's work to systematize mathematics with Peano arithmetic?
A) Georg Cantor
B) Richard Dedekind
C) Gottlob Frege
D) Giuseppe Peano
  • 26. What principle did Dummett trace the linguistic turn to in Frege's work?
A) The analytic-synthetic distinction
B) The transcendental deduction
C) The context principle
D) The categorical imperative
  • 27. In Frege's example, what is the reference of 'the Morning Star' and 'the Evening Star'?
A) A morning star and an evening star.
B) The planet Venus.
C) Two distinct celestial bodies.
D) Two different stars.
  • 28. Who is credited with starting a revival of logic in British philosophy during the nineteenth century?
A) George Boole
B) Richard Whately
C) F. H. Bradley
D) William Hamilton
  • 29. Who were the major figures in the revival of logic in British philosophy?
A) Richard Whately, George Boole
B) Hugh MacColl, Charles Sanders Peirce
C) Bertrand Russell, G. E. Moore
D) F. H. Bradley, T. H. Green
  • 30. Which movement dominated British philosophy in the late nineteenth century?
A) British idealism
B) Empiricism
C) Pragmatism
D) Logical atomism
  • 31. Who exemplified the British idealist school with 'Appearance and Reality'?
A) T. H. Green
B) G. E. Moore
C) Bertrand Russell
D) F. H. Bradley
  • 32. What did Bertrand Russell and G. E. Moore reject in their philosophical approach?
A) Empiricism
B) Hegelianism for being obscure
C) Pragmatism
D) Logical atomism
  • 33. What did Russell and Moore revert to in their philosophical stance?
A) Internal relations
B) Common sense realism
C) Logical holism
D) Neo-Hegelianism
  • 34. In what year did Bertrand Russell discover the paradox in Basic Law V?
A) 1905
B) 1910
C) 1903
D) 1901
  • 35. According to Russell, what can proper names be replaced with?
A) Demonstratives like this or that
B) Universal terms
C) Disguised definite descriptions
D) Abstract concepts
  • 36. What philosophical puzzle does Russell present his own version of in 'On Denoting'?
A) The liar paradox
B) Descartes' evil demon
C) Frege's second puzzle
D) Zeno's paradoxes
  • 37. What does denying 'The present King of France is bald' illustrate?
A) Predicate logic
B) Quantifier ambiguity
C) Identity theory
D) Scope ambiguity
  • 38. Who co-authored 'Principia Mathematica' with Bertrand Russell?
A) Ludwig Wittgenstein
B) Gottlob Frege
C) Alfred North Whitehead
D) John Stuart Mill
  • 39. What did Alfred North Whitehead develop in 'Process and Reality' (1929)?
A) Process metaphysics
B) The theory of types
C) Ideal language philosophy
D) Logical atomism
  • 40. 'Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus' is also known as:
A) Logical Atomism
B) The Tractatus
C) Principia Mathematica
D) Process and Reality
  • 41. What method did the 'Tractatus' introduce philosophers to?
A) Theory of types.
B) Predicate logic.
C) Truth table method.
D) Process metaphysics.
  • 42. What does Wittgenstein conclude about the propositions in the 'Tractatus'?
A) All its propositions are ultimately meaningless.
B) They express the totality of actual states of affairs.
C) They provide a comprehensive system of logical atomism.
D) They solve all philosophical problems.
  • 43. 'Whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent.' is a conclusion from:
A) Logical Atomism.
B) Process and Reality.
C) The 'Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus'.
D) Principia Mathematica.
  • 44. Who led the Vienna Circle?
A) Rudolf Carnap
B) Otto Neurath
C) Hans Reichenbach
D) Moritz Schlick
  • 45. Who introduced the concept of open texture?
A) Rudolf Carnap
B) Friedrich Waismann
C) Moritz Schlick
D) Hans Reichenbach
  • 46. What was Carnap's approach to solving philosophical problems called?
A) Metaphysical ascent
B) Semantic ascent
C) Logical ascent
D) Epistemic ascent
  • 47. Which journal did Carnap and Reichenbach start?
A) Erkenntnis
B) Philosophical Review
C) Mind
D) Analysis
  • 48. What happened to Moritz Schlick in 1936?
A) He was murdered by his former student, Hans Nelböck
B) He fled to the United States
C) He published a major work on logical positivism
D) He became a professor at Oxford University
  • 49. What was the title of Wittgenstein's posthumous work published in 1953?
A) Some Remarks on Logical Form
B) The Blue Book
C) Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
D) Philosophical Investigations
  • 50. Which philosopher's criticisms led to Wittgenstein's first doubts about his early philosophy?
A) Rush Rhees
B) John Wisdom
C) Frank Ramsey
D) Piero Sraffa
  • 51. What thought experiment does Wittgenstein use to argue against the possibility of a private language?
A) The linguistic ladder.
B) The duck-rabbit ambiguous image.
C) The color-exclusion problem.
D) The beetle-in-a-box thought experiment.
  • 52. Which philosopher is credited with providing information about Wittgenstein's later philosophy before the publication of Philosophical Investigations?
A) Frank Ramsey
B) John Wisdom
C) Ludwig Wittgenstein himself
D) Piero Sraffa
  • 53. What did Ryle criticize in 'The Concept of Mind'?
A) Russell's theory of descriptions
B) Cartesian dualism
C) Sense-data theories
D) Austrian realism
  • 54. What did Ryle argue was similar to asking 'Where is the university?'?
A) Hägerström's idealism
B) Strawson's presupposition of existence
C) Austin's speech acts theory
D) Descartes' error
  • 55. Which theory did Austin criticize in 'Sense and Sensibilia'?
A) Austrian realism
B) Sense-data theories
C) Cartesian dualism
D) Russell's theory of descriptions
  • 56. Who influenced Australian philosophy with realism?
A) Samuel Alexander
B) David Lewis
C) John Anderson
D) J.N. Findlay
  • 57. Who taught at the University of Otago in New Zealand?
A) David Lewis
B) J.N. Findlay
C) Karl Popper
D) John Anderson
  • 58. Which philosopher lectured at Canterbury University College in Christchurch?
A) J.N. Findlay
B) Karl Popper
C) John Anderson
D) David Lewis
  • 59. Who is considered to have founded Finnish analytic philosophy?
A) Georg Henrik von Wright
B) Eino Kaila
C) Axel Hägerström
D) Ernst Mally
  • 60. Who succeeded Wittgenstein at Cambridge in 1948?
A) Eino Kaila
B) Ernst Mally
C) Georg Henrik von Wright
D) Axel Hägerström
  • 61. Who first introduced Russell's ideas to China?
A) Tscha Hung
B) Jin Yuelin
C) Liang Qichao
D) Zhang Shenfu
  • 62. In which year did Russell visit China?
A) 1920
B) 1956
C) 1970s
D) 1945
  • 63. Who introduced logical positivism to China with The Philosophy of the Vienna Circle?
A) Zhang Shenfu
B) Tscha Hung
C) Hong Qian
D) Liang Qichao
  • 64. What political event sidelined research in analytic philosophy during its second phase in China?
A) Communist political pressure
B) Economic reforms of the 1970s
C) World War II
D) Cultural Revolution
  • 65. What is the current phase of analytic philosophy in China called?
A) First phase
B) Third phase
C) Fourth phase
D) Second phase
  • 66. Which philosophical movement saw a revival during the second half of the twentieth century?
A) Empiricism
B) Logical positivism
C) Pragmatism
D) Metaphysical theorizing
  • 67. Who is recognized as one of the most influential philosophers of the twentieth century?
A) Carnap
B) W. V. O. Quine
C) Sellars
D) Kant
  • 68. Which philosopher was Quine a student of?
A) Wittgenstein
B) Sellars
C) Russell
D) Carnap
  • 69. Who is credited with reviving theories of essence and identity in philosophy?
A) Saul Kripke.
B) Willard Van Orman Quine.
C) Bertrand Russell.
D) Ludwig Wittgenstein.
  • 70. What did C. I. Lewis develop to address the paradoxes of material implication?
A) Predicate logic.
B) Quantifier logic.
C) Modal logic.
D) Deontic logic.
  • 71. Who introduced the 'box' operator for necessity in modal logic?
A) Willard Van Orman Quine.
B) Ruth Barcan Marcus.
C) Carnap.
D) Saul Kripke.
  • 72. In 'Naming and Necessity', what does Saul Kripke argue proper names are?
A) Synthetic constructs.
B) Analytic terms.
C) Rigid designators.
D) Flexible descriptions.
  • 73. What did Kripke provide for modal logic?
A) An algorithm.
B) A semantics.
C) A syntax.
D) A proof system.
  • 74. Who believed in mereological nihilism except for living beings?
A) David Lewis
B) Stanisław Leśniewski
C) Peter Van Inwagen
D) Nelson Goodman
  • 75. Who issued a thought experiment involving fission in 'Reasons and Persons'?
A) John Locke
B) Bernard Williams
C) Derek Parfit
D) David Lewis
  • 76. What is a truth-maker contrasted with?
A) An ontological commitment
B) A redundancy theory
C) A semantic theory
D) A truth-bearer
  • 77. What argument did Peter van Inwagen introduce in his monograph 'An Essay on Free Will'?
A) Tense logic
B) The liar paradox
C) The principle of sufficient reason
D) The consequence argument
  • 78. What term did van Inwagen use to contrast with compatibilism?
A) Perdurantism
B) Libertarianism
C) Incompatibilism
D) Determinism
  • 79. Which philosopher is known for the A-theory of time?
A) Arthur Prior
B) John McTaggart
C) David Lewis
D) Charlie Broad
  • 80. Who is a pioneer of logical pluralism?
A) Jan Łukasiewicz
B) Graham Priest
C) JC Beall
D) Edmund Gettier
  • 81. Who defended foundationalism in epistemology?
A) Quine
B) Alvin Goldman
C) Michael Huemer
D) Roderick Chisholm
  • 82. What type of foundationalism does Michael Huemer defend?
A) Virtue epistemology
B) Phenomenal conservatism
C) Causal theory of knowledge
D) Coherentism
  • 83. Who proposed virtue epistemology in 'The Raft and the Pyramid'?
A) Quine
B) Alvin Goldman
C) Roderick Chisholm
D) Ernest Sosa
  • 84. Which philosopher developed a causal theory of knowledge?
A) Ernest Sosa
B) Quine
C) Roderick Chisholm
D) Alvin Goldman
  • 85. What does the KK thesis relate to in epistemology?
A) Justified true belief
B) The principle of sufficient reason
C) Logical pluralism
D) Knowledge about knowledge
  • 86. What is particularism in the context of the problem of the criterion?
A) Applying closure principles to knowledge
B) Doubting that knowledge exists
C) Focusing on methodological criteria first
D) Answering 'what do we know?' before 'how do we know it?'
  • 87. Which philosopher used the closure principle in an anti-skeptical argument?
A) Wittgenstein
B) Chisholm
C) G. E. Moore
D) Nelson Goodman
  • 88. Who argued against the closure principle with relevant alternatives theory?
A) Robert Nozick
B) Wittgenstein
C) Fred Dretske
D) G. E. Moore
  • 89. What is methodism in the context of the problem of the criterion?
A) Answering 'how do we know?' before 'what do we know?'
B) Doubting all knowledge claims
C) Applying induction to philosophical problems
D) Focusing on particular instances of knowledge
  • 90. Which philosopher contributed the 'trolley problem' into ethical discourse?
A) G. E. Moore
B) Elizabeth Anscombe
C) Philippa Foot
D) R. M. Hare
  • 91. Which theory did Charles Stevenson develop in 'Ethics and Language'?
A) Universal prescriptivism
B) Expressivism
C) Error theory
D) Emotivism
  • 92. Which philosopher criticized utilitarianism with the utility monster argument?
A) Henry Sidgwick
B) Thomas Nagel
C) Robert Nozick
D) John Rawls
  • 93. What term is used to describe the increased interest in virtue ethics?
A) The deontological revival
B) The emotivist shift
C) The 'aretaic turn'
D) The consequentialist resurgence
  • 94. Which book by Peter Singer argues for vegetarianism?
A) A Theory of Justice (1971)
B) The Open Society and its Enemies (1945)
C) Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974)
D) Animal Liberation (1975)
  • 95. What concept did Isaiah Berlin define as the absence of coercion or interference in private actions?
A) 'Positive liberty'
B) 'Proletarian unfreedom'
C) 'Negative liberty'
D) 'Distributive justice'
  • 96. What does Robert Nozick's Wilt Chamberlain argument relate to?
A) Legal positivism
B) Historical materialism
C) Animal rights
D) Free-market libertarianism
  • 97. What does G. A. Cohen's book defend?
A) Legal positivism
B) Free-market libertarianism
C) Marx's historical materialism
D) Liberal egalitarian distributive justice
  • 98. Which school applies analytic techniques to the theories of Karl Marx?
A) Analytical Marxism
B) Liberal egalitarianism
C) Legal positivism
D) Ordinary language philosophy
  • 99. What does Isaiah Berlin's 'positive liberty' emphasize?
A) Self-mastery
B) Absence of coercion
C) Distributive justice
D) Proletarian unfreedom
  • 100. Which philosopher proposed ethical (or normative) legal positivism?
A) Karl Popper
B) G. A. Cohen
C) John Rawls
D) Matthew Kramer
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