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Analytic philosophy - Exam
Contributed by: Jordan
  • 1. Analytic philosophy is a branch of philosophy that emphasizes clarity, rigor, and logical analysis in the examination of concepts and arguments. It originated in the early 20th century and is characterized by its focus on language, logic, and the philosophy of mind. Analytic philosophers often seek to clarify and analyze the meanings of concepts through the use of logic and language, aiming for precise and well-defined arguments. Key figures in analytic philosophy include Bertrand Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein, and Gottlob Frege.

    Who formulated the famous 'philosophical zombie' argument?
A) David Chalmers
B) John Dewey
C) Søren Kierkegaard
D) Ludwig Wittgenstein
  • 2. Who is known for his work on logic and philosophy of mathematics in analytic philosophy?
A) Jacques Derrida
B) Gottlob Frege
C) Friedrich Nietzsche
D) Jean-Paul Sartre
  • 3. Which school of thought is closely associated with analytic philosophy?
A) Logical positivism
B) Structuralism
C) New Age spirituality
D) Nihilism
  • 4. Who famously presented the 'Gettier problem' in epistemology within analytic philosophy?
A) Edmund Gettier
B) Henri Bergson
C) Friedrich Hayek
D) David Hume
  • 5. Who is known for his work on the theory of descriptions in analytic philosophy?
A) Michel de Montaigne
B) Simone Weil
C) Karl Marx
D) Bertrand Russell
  • 6. Analytic philosophy originated primarily in which country?
A) France
B) United Kingdom
C) Greece
D) Germany
  • 7. Who introduced the concept of 'language games' in analytic philosophy?
A) Martin Heidegger
B) Michel Foucault
C) Ludwig Wittgenstein
D) Simone de Beauvoir
  • 8. What is the primary language of analytic philosophy?
A) German
B) English
C) Latin
D) French
  • 9. Which school of thought is characterized by an emphasis on analysis, clear prose, and formal logic?
A) Existentialism
B) Analytic philosophy
C) Continental philosophy
D) Phenomenology
  • 10. What is the linguistic turn in analytic philosophy primarily concerned with?
A) Ethics and morality
B) Metaphysics and ontology
C) Aesthetics and art
D) Language and meaning
  • 11. Which philosopher is known for introducing the problem of intentionality?
A) Bertrand Russell
B) Franz Brentano
C) Ludwig Wittgenstein
D) Gottlob Frege
  • 12. What does intentionality refer to in the context of mental phenomena?
A) A mental state's intensity
B) A physical phenomenon's properties
C) An ethical judgment
D) The 'aboutness' or directedness towards an object
  • 13. Which school of thought did Franz Brentano influence through his work?
A) Existentialism
B) Hegelianism
C) The School of Brentano, including Husserl and Meinong
D) Logical positivism
  • 14. Who founded the Graz School known for its unique ontology?
A) Alexius Meinong
B) W. V. O. Quine
C) Wilfrid Sellars
D) Saul Kripke
  • 15. What is the term used to describe Meinong's ontology of real, nonexistent objects?
A) Continental idealism
B) Analytic realism
C) Meinongianism
D) Logical empiricism
  • 16. Which philosopher emphasized 'small philosophy' and detailed analysis of specific problems?
A) G. E. Moore
B) David Lewis
C) Rudolf Carnap
D) Kazimierz Twardowski
  • 17. Which philosopher is associated with the decline of logical positivism?
A) Alexius Meinong
B) Gottlob Frege
C) Wilfrid Sellars
D) Franz Brentano
  • 18. What did Franz Brentano mean by 'intentional in-existence'?
A) An ethical principle
B) The characteristic of mental phenomena to include an object within themselves
C) A physical phenomenon's existence
D) A mathematical proof
  • 19. What is the term for objects like flying pigs or golden mountains in Meinong's ontology?
A) Real, nonexistent objects
B) Logical constructs
C) Physical phenomena
D) Empirical observations
  • 20. What is a key characteristic that distinguishes mental phenomena from physical phenomena according to Brentano?
A) Physical presence
B) Logical consistency
C) Intentional in-existence
D) Empirical evidence
  • 21. What is the main contrast between analytic and continental philosophy?
A) Analytic is concerned with aesthetics, while continental is concerned with mathematics
B) Analytic focuses on metaphysics, while continental focuses on science
C) Analytic emphasizes ethics, while continental emphasizes logic
D) Analytic focuses on technical analysis, while continental is more literary
  • 22. What philosophical project did Frege advocate for reducing arithmetic to pure logic?
A) Phenomenology
B) Rationalism
C) Logicism
D) Empiricism
  • 23. Which book by Frege introduced modern mathematical and predicate logic with quantifiers?
A) Grundgesetze der Arithmetik (Basic Laws of Arithmetic)
B) Philosophie der Arithmetik
C) The Foundations of Arithmetic
D) Begriffsschrift (Concept-script)
  • 24. What philosophical stance did Frege oppose in the philosophy of mathematics?
A) Logicism
B) Empiricism
C) Psychologism
D) Rationalism
  • 25. Who simplified Dedekind's work to systematize mathematics with Peano arithmetic?
A) Giuseppe Peano
B) Richard Dedekind
C) Georg Cantor
D) Gottlob Frege
  • 26. What principle did Dummett trace the linguistic turn to in Frege's work?
A) The context principle
B) The transcendental deduction
C) The analytic-synthetic distinction
D) The categorical imperative
  • 27. In Frege's example, what is the reference of 'the Morning Star' and 'the Evening Star'?
A) A morning star and an evening star.
B) Two different stars.
C) Two distinct celestial bodies.
D) The planet Venus.
  • 28. Who is credited with starting a revival of logic in British philosophy during the nineteenth century?
A) George Boole
B) William Hamilton
C) F. H. Bradley
D) Richard Whately
  • 29. Who were the major figures in the revival of logic in British philosophy?
A) Richard Whately, George Boole
B) F. H. Bradley, T. H. Green
C) Bertrand Russell, G. E. Moore
D) Hugh MacColl, Charles Sanders Peirce
  • 30. Which movement dominated British philosophy in the late nineteenth century?
A) Logical atomism
B) Empiricism
C) British idealism
D) Pragmatism
  • 31. Who exemplified the British idealist school with 'Appearance and Reality'?
A) Bertrand Russell
B) T. H. Green
C) F. H. Bradley
D) G. E. Moore
  • 32. What did Bertrand Russell and G. E. Moore reject in their philosophical approach?
A) Empiricism
B) Pragmatism
C) Hegelianism for being obscure
D) Logical atomism
  • 33. What did Russell and Moore revert to in their philosophical stance?
A) Common sense realism
B) Logical holism
C) Internal relations
D) Neo-Hegelianism
  • 34. In what year did Bertrand Russell discover the paradox in Basic Law V?
A) 1910
B) 1901
C) 1905
D) 1903
  • 35. According to Russell, what can proper names be replaced with?
A) Universal terms
B) Demonstratives like this or that
C) Abstract concepts
D) Disguised definite descriptions
  • 36. What philosophical puzzle does Russell present his own version of in 'On Denoting'?
A) The liar paradox
B) Frege's second puzzle
C) Descartes' evil demon
D) Zeno's paradoxes
  • 37. What does denying 'The present King of France is bald' illustrate?
A) Predicate logic
B) Identity theory
C) Scope ambiguity
D) Quantifier ambiguity
  • 38. Who co-authored 'Principia Mathematica' with Bertrand Russell?
A) Alfred North Whitehead
B) Gottlob Frege
C) John Stuart Mill
D) Ludwig Wittgenstein
  • 39. What did Alfred North Whitehead develop in 'Process and Reality' (1929)?
A) Logical atomism
B) The theory of types
C) Ideal language philosophy
D) Process metaphysics
  • 40. 'Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus' is also known as:
A) Process and Reality
B) Logical Atomism
C) Principia Mathematica
D) The Tractatus
  • 41. Who is recognized as one of the most influential philosophers of the twentieth century?
A) Sellars
B) Kant
C) W. V. O. Quine
D) Carnap
  • 42. What did Ryle criticize in 'The Concept of Mind'?
A) Austrian realism
B) Sense-data theories
C) Cartesian dualism
D) Russell's theory of descriptions
  • 43. What concept did Isaiah Berlin define as the absence of coercion or interference in private actions?
A) 'Negative liberty'
B) 'Positive liberty'
C) 'Distributive justice'
D) 'Proletarian unfreedom'
  • 44. What was Carnap's approach to solving philosophical problems called?
A) Logical ascent
B) Epistemic ascent
C) Semantic ascent
D) Metaphysical ascent
  • 45. What method did the 'Tractatus' introduce philosophers to?
A) Predicate logic.
B) Process metaphysics.
C) Truth table method.
D) Theory of types.
  • 46. What does the KK thesis relate to in epistemology?
A) Knowledge about knowledge
B) Justified true belief
C) Logical pluralism
D) The principle of sufficient reason
  • 47. Which philosopher was Quine a student of?
A) Wittgenstein
B) Sellars
C) Carnap
D) Russell
  • 48. Which philosopher criticized utilitarianism with the utility monster argument?
A) Robert Nozick
B) Thomas Nagel
C) John Rawls
D) Henry Sidgwick
  • 49. Which philosopher contributed the 'trolley problem' into ethical discourse?
A) R. M. Hare
B) G. E. Moore
C) Philippa Foot
D) Elizabeth Anscombe
  • 50. What thought experiment does Wittgenstein use to argue against the possibility of a private language?
A) The color-exclusion problem.
B) The linguistic ladder.
C) The beetle-in-a-box thought experiment.
D) The duck-rabbit ambiguous image.
  • 51. Which school applies analytic techniques to the theories of Karl Marx?
A) Analytical Marxism
B) Legal positivism
C) Ordinary language philosophy
D) Liberal egalitarianism
  • 52. Who issued a thought experiment involving fission in 'Reasons and Persons'?
A) Derek Parfit
B) Bernard Williams
C) John Locke
D) David Lewis
  • 53. Who taught at the University of Otago in New Zealand?
A) J.N. Findlay
B) Karl Popper
C) David Lewis
D) John Anderson
  • 54. What is methodism in the context of the problem of the criterion?
A) Applying induction to philosophical problems
B) Doubting all knowledge claims
C) Answering 'how do we know?' before 'what do we know?'
D) Focusing on particular instances of knowledge
  • 55. What term is used to describe the increased interest in virtue ethics?
A) The deontological revival
B) The emotivist shift
C) The 'aretaic turn'
D) The consequentialist resurgence
  • 56. Which theory did Charles Stevenson develop in 'Ethics and Language'?
A) Universal prescriptivism
B) Expressivism
C) Error theory
D) Emotivism
  • 57. Who argued against the closure principle with relevant alternatives theory?
A) Wittgenstein
B) Robert Nozick
C) G. E. Moore
D) Fred Dretske
  • 58. What is the current phase of analytic philosophy in China called?
A) Second phase
B) Third phase
C) Fourth phase
D) First phase
  • 59. Which philosopher lectured at Canterbury University College in Christchurch?
A) J.N. Findlay
B) David Lewis
C) Karl Popper
D) John Anderson
  • 60. Which theory did Austin criticize in 'Sense and Sensibilia'?
A) Russell's theory of descriptions
B) Cartesian dualism
C) Austrian realism
D) Sense-data theories
  • 61. What does Wittgenstein conclude about the propositions in the 'Tractatus'?
A) They solve all philosophical problems.
B) They express the totality of actual states of affairs.
C) They provide a comprehensive system of logical atomism.
D) All its propositions are ultimately meaningless.
  • 62. Who introduced logical positivism to China with The Philosophy of the Vienna Circle?
A) Liang Qichao
B) Zhang Shenfu
C) Hong Qian
D) Tscha Hung
  • 63. Who is considered to have founded Finnish analytic philosophy?
A) Georg Henrik von Wright
B) Axel Hägerström
C) Ernst Mally
D) Eino Kaila
  • 64. Which philosopher used the closure principle in an anti-skeptical argument?
A) Wittgenstein
B) Nelson Goodman
C) G. E. Moore
D) Chisholm
  • 65. Who is credited with reviving theories of essence and identity in philosophy?
A) Bertrand Russell.
B) Saul Kripke.
C) Ludwig Wittgenstein.
D) Willard Van Orman Quine.
  • 66. What does G. A. Cohen's book defend?
A) Legal positivism
B) Free-market libertarianism
C) Marx's historical materialism
D) Liberal egalitarian distributive justice
  • 67. Who succeeded Wittgenstein at Cambridge in 1948?
A) Georg Henrik von Wright
B) Axel Hägerström
C) Ernst Mally
D) Eino Kaila
  • 68. Who led the Vienna Circle?
A) Otto Neurath
B) Hans Reichenbach
C) Rudolf Carnap
D) Moritz Schlick
  • 69. Who introduced the 'box' operator for necessity in modal logic?
A) Ruth Barcan Marcus.
B) Saul Kripke.
C) Carnap.
D) Willard Van Orman Quine.
  • 70. Who defended foundationalism in epistemology?
A) Quine
B) Alvin Goldman
C) Michael Huemer
D) Roderick Chisholm
  • 71. Which philosophical movement saw a revival during the second half of the twentieth century?
A) Metaphysical theorizing
B) Pragmatism
C) Logical positivism
D) Empiricism
  • 72. What political event sidelined research in analytic philosophy during its second phase in China?
A) Economic reforms of the 1970s
B) World War II
C) Communist political pressure
D) Cultural Revolution
  • 73. In which year did Russell visit China?
A) 1956
B) 1970s
C) 1945
D) 1920
  • 74. What does Robert Nozick's Wilt Chamberlain argument relate to?
A) Free-market libertarianism
B) Historical materialism
C) Animal rights
D) Legal positivism
  • 75. Which philosopher is known for the A-theory of time?
A) David Lewis
B) Charlie Broad
C) Arthur Prior
D) John McTaggart
  • 76. Who introduced the concept of open texture?
A) Friedrich Waismann
B) Rudolf Carnap
C) Hans Reichenbach
D) Moritz Schlick
  • 77. Who proposed virtue epistemology in 'The Raft and the Pyramid'?
A) Ernest Sosa
B) Quine
C) Alvin Goldman
D) Roderick Chisholm
  • 78. Who first introduced Russell's ideas to China?
A) Tscha Hung
B) Jin Yuelin
C) Liang Qichao
D) Zhang Shenfu
  • 79. Who influenced Australian philosophy with realism?
A) John Anderson
B) J.N. Findlay
C) David Lewis
D) Samuel Alexander
  • 80. What did Kripke provide for modal logic?
A) A semantics.
B) A syntax.
C) An algorithm.
D) A proof system.
  • 81. 'Whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent.' is a conclusion from:
A) The 'Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus'.
B) Principia Mathematica.
C) Logical Atomism.
D) Process and Reality.
  • 82. What happened to Moritz Schlick in 1936?
A) He fled to the United States
B) He was murdered by his former student, Hans Nelböck
C) He published a major work on logical positivism
D) He became a professor at Oxford University
  • 83. Who believed in mereological nihilism except for living beings?
A) Stanisław Leśniewski
B) Nelson Goodman
C) Peter Van Inwagen
D) David Lewis
  • 84. Which book by Peter Singer argues for vegetarianism?
A) A Theory of Justice (1971)
B) Animal Liberation (1975)
C) The Open Society and its Enemies (1945)
D) Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974)
  • 85. What does Isaiah Berlin's 'positive liberty' emphasize?
A) Proletarian unfreedom
B) Self-mastery
C) Absence of coercion
D) Distributive justice
  • 86. What did Ryle argue was similar to asking 'Where is the university?'?
A) Descartes' error
B) Strawson's presupposition of existence
C) Austin's speech acts theory
D) Hägerström's idealism
  • 87. Which philosopher proposed ethical (or normative) legal positivism?
A) Karl Popper
B) G. A. Cohen
C) Matthew Kramer
D) John Rawls
  • 88. What was the title of Wittgenstein's posthumous work published in 1953?
A) The Blue Book
B) Philosophical Investigations
C) Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
D) Some Remarks on Logical Form
  • 89. What is particularism in the context of the problem of the criterion?
A) Answering 'what do we know?' before 'how do we know it?'
B) Applying closure principles to knowledge
C) Focusing on methodological criteria first
D) Doubting that knowledge exists
  • 90. In 'Naming and Necessity', what does Saul Kripke argue proper names are?
A) Rigid designators.
B) Analytic terms.
C) Flexible descriptions.
D) Synthetic constructs.
  • 91. What is a truth-maker contrasted with?
A) A truth-bearer
B) A redundancy theory
C) A semantic theory
D) An ontological commitment
  • 92. Which philosopher's criticisms led to Wittgenstein's first doubts about his early philosophy?
A) John Wisdom
B) Rush Rhees
C) Frank Ramsey
D) Piero Sraffa
  • 93. What argument did Peter van Inwagen introduce in his monograph 'An Essay on Free Will'?
A) The principle of sufficient reason
B) The liar paradox
C) Tense logic
D) The consequence argument
  • 94. What term did van Inwagen use to contrast with compatibilism?
A) Incompatibilism
B) Libertarianism
C) Determinism
D) Perdurantism
  • 95. What type of foundationalism does Michael Huemer defend?
A) Virtue epistemology
B) Causal theory of knowledge
C) Coherentism
D) Phenomenal conservatism
  • 96. What did C. I. Lewis develop to address the paradoxes of material implication?
A) Modal logic.
B) Deontic logic.
C) Quantifier logic.
D) Predicate logic.
  • 97. Which journal did Carnap and Reichenbach start?
A) Analysis
B) Mind
C) Erkenntnis
D) Philosophical Review
  • 98. Which philosopher is credited with providing information about Wittgenstein's later philosophy before the publication of Philosophical Investigations?
A) John Wisdom
B) Ludwig Wittgenstein himself
C) Frank Ramsey
D) Piero Sraffa
  • 99. Who is a pioneer of logical pluralism?
A) Graham Priest
B) Edmund Gettier
C) Jan Łukasiewicz
D) JC Beall
  • 100. Which philosopher developed a causal theory of knowledge?
A) Ernest Sosa
B) Alvin Goldman
C) Quine
D) Roderick Chisholm
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