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Analytic philosophy - Exam
Contributed by: Jordan
  • 1. Analytic philosophy is a branch of philosophy that emphasizes clarity, rigor, and logical analysis in the examination of concepts and arguments. It originated in the early 20th century and is characterized by its focus on language, logic, and the philosophy of mind. Analytic philosophers often seek to clarify and analyze the meanings of concepts through the use of logic and language, aiming for precise and well-defined arguments. Key figures in analytic philosophy include Bertrand Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein, and Gottlob Frege.

    Who formulated the famous 'philosophical zombie' argument?
A) John Dewey
B) David Chalmers
C) Ludwig Wittgenstein
D) Søren Kierkegaard
  • 2. Who is known for his work on logic and philosophy of mathematics in analytic philosophy?
A) Jacques Derrida
B) Gottlob Frege
C) Friedrich Nietzsche
D) Jean-Paul Sartre
  • 3. Which school of thought is closely associated with analytic philosophy?
A) New Age spirituality
B) Nihilism
C) Structuralism
D) Logical positivism
  • 4. Who famously presented the 'Gettier problem' in epistemology within analytic philosophy?
A) Edmund Gettier
B) Henri Bergson
C) David Hume
D) Friedrich Hayek
  • 5. Who is known for his work on the theory of descriptions in analytic philosophy?
A) Michel de Montaigne
B) Karl Marx
C) Simone Weil
D) Bertrand Russell
  • 6. Analytic philosophy originated primarily in which country?
A) Greece
B) Germany
C) France
D) United Kingdom
  • 7. Who introduced the concept of 'language games' in analytic philosophy?
A) Ludwig Wittgenstein
B) Michel Foucault
C) Martin Heidegger
D) Simone de Beauvoir
  • 8. What is the primary language of analytic philosophy?
A) German
B) French
C) English
D) Latin
  • 9. Which school of thought is characterized by an emphasis on analysis, clear prose, and formal logic?
A) Continental philosophy
B) Existentialism
C) Phenomenology
D) Analytic philosophy
  • 10. What is the linguistic turn in analytic philosophy primarily concerned with?
A) Language and meaning
B) Aesthetics and art
C) Metaphysics and ontology
D) Ethics and morality
  • 11. Which philosopher is known for introducing the problem of intentionality?
A) Bertrand Russell
B) Gottlob Frege
C) Ludwig Wittgenstein
D) Franz Brentano
  • 12. What does intentionality refer to in the context of mental phenomena?
A) A mental state's intensity
B) A physical phenomenon's properties
C) An ethical judgment
D) The 'aboutness' or directedness towards an object
  • 13. Which school of thought did Franz Brentano influence through his work?
A) Logical positivism
B) The School of Brentano, including Husserl and Meinong
C) Existentialism
D) Hegelianism
  • 14. Who founded the Graz School known for its unique ontology?
A) Alexius Meinong
B) Wilfrid Sellars
C) W. V. O. Quine
D) Saul Kripke
  • 15. What is the term used to describe Meinong's ontology of real, nonexistent objects?
A) Meinongianism
B) Continental idealism
C) Logical empiricism
D) Analytic realism
  • 16. Which philosopher emphasized 'small philosophy' and detailed analysis of specific problems?
A) David Lewis
B) Kazimierz Twardowski
C) G. E. Moore
D) Rudolf Carnap
  • 17. Which philosopher is associated with the decline of logical positivism?
A) Wilfrid Sellars
B) Franz Brentano
C) Alexius Meinong
D) Gottlob Frege
  • 18. What did Franz Brentano mean by 'intentional in-existence'?
A) A physical phenomenon's existence
B) The characteristic of mental phenomena to include an object within themselves
C) A mathematical proof
D) An ethical principle
  • 19. What is the term for objects like flying pigs or golden mountains in Meinong's ontology?
A) Real, nonexistent objects
B) Physical phenomena
C) Empirical observations
D) Logical constructs
  • 20. What is a key characteristic that distinguishes mental phenomena from physical phenomena according to Brentano?
A) Empirical evidence
B) Physical presence
C) Logical consistency
D) Intentional in-existence
  • 21. What is the main contrast between analytic and continental philosophy?
A) Analytic focuses on metaphysics, while continental focuses on science
B) Analytic is concerned with aesthetics, while continental is concerned with mathematics
C) Analytic focuses on technical analysis, while continental is more literary
D) Analytic emphasizes ethics, while continental emphasizes logic
  • 22. What philosophical project did Frege advocate for reducing arithmetic to pure logic?
A) Rationalism
B) Phenomenology
C) Logicism
D) Empiricism
  • 23. Which book by Frege introduced modern mathematical and predicate logic with quantifiers?
A) Philosophie der Arithmetik
B) Begriffsschrift (Concept-script)
C) The Foundations of Arithmetic
D) Grundgesetze der Arithmetik (Basic Laws of Arithmetic)
  • 24. What philosophical stance did Frege oppose in the philosophy of mathematics?
A) Empiricism
B) Rationalism
C) Psychologism
D) Logicism
  • 25. Who simplified Dedekind's work to systematize mathematics with Peano arithmetic?
A) Gottlob Frege
B) Richard Dedekind
C) Giuseppe Peano
D) Georg Cantor
  • 26. What principle did Dummett trace the linguistic turn to in Frege's work?
A) The analytic-synthetic distinction
B) The context principle
C) The categorical imperative
D) The transcendental deduction
  • 27. In Frege's example, what is the reference of 'the Morning Star' and 'the Evening Star'?
A) Two different stars.
B) The planet Venus.
C) Two distinct celestial bodies.
D) A morning star and an evening star.
  • 28. Who is credited with starting a revival of logic in British philosophy during the nineteenth century?
A) George Boole
B) F. H. Bradley
C) Richard Whately
D) William Hamilton
  • 29. Who were the major figures in the revival of logic in British philosophy?
A) Richard Whately, George Boole
B) Bertrand Russell, G. E. Moore
C) F. H. Bradley, T. H. Green
D) Hugh MacColl, Charles Sanders Peirce
  • 30. Which movement dominated British philosophy in the late nineteenth century?
A) Logical atomism
B) Empiricism
C) British idealism
D) Pragmatism
  • 31. Who exemplified the British idealist school with 'Appearance and Reality'?
A) Bertrand Russell
B) T. H. Green
C) G. E. Moore
D) F. H. Bradley
  • 32. What did Bertrand Russell and G. E. Moore reject in their philosophical approach?
A) Logical atomism
B) Empiricism
C) Hegelianism for being obscure
D) Pragmatism
  • 33. What did Russell and Moore revert to in their philosophical stance?
A) Logical holism
B) Common sense realism
C) Internal relations
D) Neo-Hegelianism
  • 34. In what year did Bertrand Russell discover the paradox in Basic Law V?
A) 1910
B) 1901
C) 1903
D) 1905
  • 35. According to Russell, what can proper names be replaced with?
A) Universal terms
B) Demonstratives like this or that
C) Disguised definite descriptions
D) Abstract concepts
  • 36. What philosophical puzzle does Russell present his own version of in 'On Denoting'?
A) Frege's second puzzle
B) Descartes' evil demon
C) Zeno's paradoxes
D) The liar paradox
  • 37. What does denying 'The present King of France is bald' illustrate?
A) Identity theory
B) Predicate logic
C) Quantifier ambiguity
D) Scope ambiguity
  • 38. Who co-authored 'Principia Mathematica' with Bertrand Russell?
A) John Stuart Mill
B) Ludwig Wittgenstein
C) Alfred North Whitehead
D) Gottlob Frege
  • 39. What did Alfred North Whitehead develop in 'Process and Reality' (1929)?
A) Process metaphysics
B) Logical atomism
C) Ideal language philosophy
D) The theory of types
  • 40. 'Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus' is also known as:
A) Principia Mathematica
B) The Tractatus
C) Logical Atomism
D) Process and Reality
  • 41. Who is recognized as one of the most influential philosophers of the twentieth century?
A) Carnap
B) W. V. O. Quine
C) Sellars
D) Kant
  • 42. What did Ryle criticize in 'The Concept of Mind'?
A) Russell's theory of descriptions
B) Austrian realism
C) Sense-data theories
D) Cartesian dualism
  • 43. What concept did Isaiah Berlin define as the absence of coercion or interference in private actions?
A) 'Positive liberty'
B) 'Proletarian unfreedom'
C) 'Negative liberty'
D) 'Distributive justice'
  • 44. What was Carnap's approach to solving philosophical problems called?
A) Metaphysical ascent
B) Semantic ascent
C) Epistemic ascent
D) Logical ascent
  • 45. What method did the 'Tractatus' introduce philosophers to?
A) Predicate logic.
B) Theory of types.
C) Truth table method.
D) Process metaphysics.
  • 46. What does the KK thesis relate to in epistemology?
A) Logical pluralism
B) Knowledge about knowledge
C) The principle of sufficient reason
D) Justified true belief
  • 47. Which philosopher was Quine a student of?
A) Sellars
B) Carnap
C) Russell
D) Wittgenstein
  • 48. Which philosopher criticized utilitarianism with the utility monster argument?
A) Henry Sidgwick
B) John Rawls
C) Robert Nozick
D) Thomas Nagel
  • 49. Which philosopher contributed the 'trolley problem' into ethical discourse?
A) Elizabeth Anscombe
B) R. M. Hare
C) Philippa Foot
D) G. E. Moore
  • 50. What thought experiment does Wittgenstein use to argue against the possibility of a private language?
A) The linguistic ladder.
B) The duck-rabbit ambiguous image.
C) The beetle-in-a-box thought experiment.
D) The color-exclusion problem.
  • 51. Which school applies analytic techniques to the theories of Karl Marx?
A) Analytical Marxism
B) Legal positivism
C) Ordinary language philosophy
D) Liberal egalitarianism
  • 52. Who issued a thought experiment involving fission in 'Reasons and Persons'?
A) John Locke
B) Derek Parfit
C) Bernard Williams
D) David Lewis
  • 53. Who taught at the University of Otago in New Zealand?
A) John Anderson
B) J.N. Findlay
C) David Lewis
D) Karl Popper
  • 54. What is methodism in the context of the problem of the criterion?
A) Doubting all knowledge claims
B) Answering 'how do we know?' before 'what do we know?'
C) Applying induction to philosophical problems
D) Focusing on particular instances of knowledge
  • 55. What term is used to describe the increased interest in virtue ethics?
A) The 'aretaic turn'
B) The deontological revival
C) The consequentialist resurgence
D) The emotivist shift
  • 56. Which theory did Charles Stevenson develop in 'Ethics and Language'?
A) Emotivism
B) Expressivism
C) Error theory
D) Universal prescriptivism
  • 57. Who argued against the closure principle with relevant alternatives theory?
A) Wittgenstein
B) G. E. Moore
C) Fred Dretske
D) Robert Nozick
  • 58. What is the current phase of analytic philosophy in China called?
A) Third phase
B) Fourth phase
C) First phase
D) Second phase
  • 59. Which philosopher lectured at Canterbury University College in Christchurch?
A) Karl Popper
B) John Anderson
C) J.N. Findlay
D) David Lewis
  • 60. Which theory did Austin criticize in 'Sense and Sensibilia'?
A) Austrian realism
B) Russell's theory of descriptions
C) Cartesian dualism
D) Sense-data theories
  • 61. What does Wittgenstein conclude about the propositions in the 'Tractatus'?
A) All its propositions are ultimately meaningless.
B) They provide a comprehensive system of logical atomism.
C) They express the totality of actual states of affairs.
D) They solve all philosophical problems.
  • 62. Who introduced logical positivism to China with The Philosophy of the Vienna Circle?
A) Zhang Shenfu
B) Tscha Hung
C) Hong Qian
D) Liang Qichao
  • 63. Who is considered to have founded Finnish analytic philosophy?
A) Eino Kaila
B) Ernst Mally
C) Axel Hägerström
D) Georg Henrik von Wright
  • 64. Which philosopher used the closure principle in an anti-skeptical argument?
A) Wittgenstein
B) Chisholm
C) G. E. Moore
D) Nelson Goodman
  • 65. Who is credited with reviving theories of essence and identity in philosophy?
A) Willard Van Orman Quine.
B) Bertrand Russell.
C) Ludwig Wittgenstein.
D) Saul Kripke.
  • 66. What does G. A. Cohen's book defend?
A) Liberal egalitarian distributive justice
B) Free-market libertarianism
C) Marx's historical materialism
D) Legal positivism
  • 67. Who succeeded Wittgenstein at Cambridge in 1948?
A) Ernst Mally
B) Eino Kaila
C) Axel Hägerström
D) Georg Henrik von Wright
  • 68. Who led the Vienna Circle?
A) Moritz Schlick
B) Hans Reichenbach
C) Rudolf Carnap
D) Otto Neurath
  • 69. Who introduced the 'box' operator for necessity in modal logic?
A) Willard Van Orman Quine.
B) Saul Kripke.
C) Ruth Barcan Marcus.
D) Carnap.
  • 70. Who defended foundationalism in epistemology?
A) Quine
B) Alvin Goldman
C) Michael Huemer
D) Roderick Chisholm
  • 71. Which philosophical movement saw a revival during the second half of the twentieth century?
A) Pragmatism
B) Metaphysical theorizing
C) Empiricism
D) Logical positivism
  • 72. What political event sidelined research in analytic philosophy during its second phase in China?
A) Cultural Revolution
B) Communist political pressure
C) Economic reforms of the 1970s
D) World War II
  • 73. In which year did Russell visit China?
A) 1956
B) 1945
C) 1970s
D) 1920
  • 74. What does Robert Nozick's Wilt Chamberlain argument relate to?
A) Legal positivism
B) Animal rights
C) Historical materialism
D) Free-market libertarianism
  • 75. Which philosopher is known for the A-theory of time?
A) David Lewis
B) John McTaggart
C) Arthur Prior
D) Charlie Broad
  • 76. Who introduced the concept of open texture?
A) Moritz Schlick
B) Hans Reichenbach
C) Friedrich Waismann
D) Rudolf Carnap
  • 77. Who proposed virtue epistemology in 'The Raft and the Pyramid'?
A) Alvin Goldman
B) Ernest Sosa
C) Quine
D) Roderick Chisholm
  • 78. Who first introduced Russell's ideas to China?
A) Liang Qichao
B) Tscha Hung
C) Zhang Shenfu
D) Jin Yuelin
  • 79. Who influenced Australian philosophy with realism?
A) David Lewis
B) John Anderson
C) Samuel Alexander
D) J.N. Findlay
  • 80. What did Kripke provide for modal logic?
A) A syntax.
B) A proof system.
C) An algorithm.
D) A semantics.
  • 81. 'Whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent.' is a conclusion from:
A) Logical Atomism.
B) Principia Mathematica.
C) Process and Reality.
D) The 'Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus'.
  • 82. What happened to Moritz Schlick in 1936?
A) He was murdered by his former student, Hans Nelböck
B) He fled to the United States
C) He published a major work on logical positivism
D) He became a professor at Oxford University
  • 83. Who believed in mereological nihilism except for living beings?
A) Peter Van Inwagen
B) Nelson Goodman
C) David Lewis
D) Stanisław Leśniewski
  • 84. Which book by Peter Singer argues for vegetarianism?
A) Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974)
B) A Theory of Justice (1971)
C) The Open Society and its Enemies (1945)
D) Animal Liberation (1975)
  • 85. What does Isaiah Berlin's 'positive liberty' emphasize?
A) Self-mastery
B) Proletarian unfreedom
C) Absence of coercion
D) Distributive justice
  • 86. What did Ryle argue was similar to asking 'Where is the university?'?
A) Strawson's presupposition of existence
B) Hägerström's idealism
C) Austin's speech acts theory
D) Descartes' error
  • 87. Which philosopher proposed ethical (or normative) legal positivism?
A) John Rawls
B) Matthew Kramer
C) G. A. Cohen
D) Karl Popper
  • 88. What was the title of Wittgenstein's posthumous work published in 1953?
A) Philosophical Investigations
B) The Blue Book
C) Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
D) Some Remarks on Logical Form
  • 89. What is particularism in the context of the problem of the criterion?
A) Answering 'what do we know?' before 'how do we know it?'
B) Focusing on methodological criteria first
C) Doubting that knowledge exists
D) Applying closure principles to knowledge
  • 90. In 'Naming and Necessity', what does Saul Kripke argue proper names are?
A) Synthetic constructs.
B) Flexible descriptions.
C) Analytic terms.
D) Rigid designators.
  • 91. What is a truth-maker contrasted with?
A) A redundancy theory
B) An ontological commitment
C) A truth-bearer
D) A semantic theory
  • 92. Which philosopher's criticisms led to Wittgenstein's first doubts about his early philosophy?
A) Piero Sraffa
B) John Wisdom
C) Rush Rhees
D) Frank Ramsey
  • 93. What argument did Peter van Inwagen introduce in his monograph 'An Essay on Free Will'?
A) Tense logic
B) The liar paradox
C) The principle of sufficient reason
D) The consequence argument
  • 94. What term did van Inwagen use to contrast with compatibilism?
A) Determinism
B) Perdurantism
C) Incompatibilism
D) Libertarianism
  • 95. What type of foundationalism does Michael Huemer defend?
A) Virtue epistemology
B) Phenomenal conservatism
C) Coherentism
D) Causal theory of knowledge
  • 96. What did C. I. Lewis develop to address the paradoxes of material implication?
A) Predicate logic.
B) Deontic logic.
C) Modal logic.
D) Quantifier logic.
  • 97. Which journal did Carnap and Reichenbach start?
A) Erkenntnis
B) Philosophical Review
C) Mind
D) Analysis
  • 98. Which philosopher is credited with providing information about Wittgenstein's later philosophy before the publication of Philosophical Investigations?
A) Piero Sraffa
B) Ludwig Wittgenstein himself
C) John Wisdom
D) Frank Ramsey
  • 99. Who is a pioneer of logical pluralism?
A) Edmund Gettier
B) Jan Łukasiewicz
C) JC Beall
D) Graham Priest
  • 100. Which philosopher developed a causal theory of knowledge?
A) Roderick Chisholm
B) Ernest Sosa
C) Alvin Goldman
D) Quine
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