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Analytic philosophy - Exam
Contributed by: Jordan
  • 1. Analytic philosophy is a branch of philosophy that emphasizes clarity, rigor, and logical analysis in the examination of concepts and arguments. It originated in the early 20th century and is characterized by its focus on language, logic, and the philosophy of mind. Analytic philosophers often seek to clarify and analyze the meanings of concepts through the use of logic and language, aiming for precise and well-defined arguments. Key figures in analytic philosophy include Bertrand Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein, and Gottlob Frege.

    Who formulated the famous 'philosophical zombie' argument?
A) John Dewey
B) Søren Kierkegaard
C) David Chalmers
D) Ludwig Wittgenstein
  • 2. Who is known for his work on logic and philosophy of mathematics in analytic philosophy?
A) Friedrich Nietzsche
B) Jacques Derrida
C) Jean-Paul Sartre
D) Gottlob Frege
  • 3. Which school of thought is closely associated with analytic philosophy?
A) Logical positivism
B) Structuralism
C) New Age spirituality
D) Nihilism
  • 4. Who famously presented the 'Gettier problem' in epistemology within analytic philosophy?
A) Henri Bergson
B) Edmund Gettier
C) David Hume
D) Friedrich Hayek
  • 5. Who is known for his work on the theory of descriptions in analytic philosophy?
A) Bertrand Russell
B) Michel de Montaigne
C) Karl Marx
D) Simone Weil
  • 6. Analytic philosophy originated primarily in which country?
A) France
B) Greece
C) Germany
D) United Kingdom
  • 7. Who introduced the concept of 'language games' in analytic philosophy?
A) Simone de Beauvoir
B) Ludwig Wittgenstein
C) Michel Foucault
D) Martin Heidegger
  • 8. What is the primary language of analytic philosophy?
A) English
B) French
C) Latin
D) German
  • 9. Which school of thought is characterized by an emphasis on analysis, clear prose, and formal logic?
A) Continental philosophy
B) Analytic philosophy
C) Existentialism
D) Phenomenology
  • 10. What is the linguistic turn in analytic philosophy primarily concerned with?
A) Language and meaning
B) Metaphysics and ontology
C) Aesthetics and art
D) Ethics and morality
  • 11. Which philosopher is known for introducing the problem of intentionality?
A) Bertrand Russell
B) Franz Brentano
C) Ludwig Wittgenstein
D) Gottlob Frege
  • 12. What does intentionality refer to in the context of mental phenomena?
A) An ethical judgment
B) The 'aboutness' or directedness towards an object
C) A mental state's intensity
D) A physical phenomenon's properties
  • 13. Which school of thought did Franz Brentano influence through his work?
A) Hegelianism
B) Logical positivism
C) Existentialism
D) The School of Brentano, including Husserl and Meinong
  • 14. Who founded the Graz School known for its unique ontology?
A) Wilfrid Sellars
B) Alexius Meinong
C) Saul Kripke
D) W. V. O. Quine
  • 15. What is the term used to describe Meinong's ontology of real, nonexistent objects?
A) Meinongianism
B) Analytic realism
C) Logical empiricism
D) Continental idealism
  • 16. Which philosopher emphasized 'small philosophy' and detailed analysis of specific problems?
A) Rudolf Carnap
B) G. E. Moore
C) David Lewis
D) Kazimierz Twardowski
  • 17. Which philosopher is associated with the decline of logical positivism?
A) Franz Brentano
B) Alexius Meinong
C) Wilfrid Sellars
D) Gottlob Frege
  • 18. What did Franz Brentano mean by 'intentional in-existence'?
A) The characteristic of mental phenomena to include an object within themselves
B) An ethical principle
C) A mathematical proof
D) A physical phenomenon's existence
  • 19. What is the term for objects like flying pigs or golden mountains in Meinong's ontology?
A) Logical constructs
B) Real, nonexistent objects
C) Empirical observations
D) Physical phenomena
  • 20. What is a key characteristic that distinguishes mental phenomena from physical phenomena according to Brentano?
A) Physical presence
B) Intentional in-existence
C) Empirical evidence
D) Logical consistency
  • 21. What is the main contrast between analytic and continental philosophy?
A) Analytic emphasizes ethics, while continental emphasizes logic
B) Analytic is concerned with aesthetics, while continental is concerned with mathematics
C) Analytic focuses on technical analysis, while continental is more literary
D) Analytic focuses on metaphysics, while continental focuses on science
  • 22. What philosophical project did Frege advocate for reducing arithmetic to pure logic?
A) Empiricism
B) Phenomenology
C) Rationalism
D) Logicism
  • 23. Which book by Frege introduced modern mathematical and predicate logic with quantifiers?
A) Begriffsschrift (Concept-script)
B) Grundgesetze der Arithmetik (Basic Laws of Arithmetic)
C) The Foundations of Arithmetic
D) Philosophie der Arithmetik
  • 24. What philosophical stance did Frege oppose in the philosophy of mathematics?
A) Psychologism
B) Rationalism
C) Empiricism
D) Logicism
  • 25. Who simplified Dedekind's work to systematize mathematics with Peano arithmetic?
A) Georg Cantor
B) Giuseppe Peano
C) Richard Dedekind
D) Gottlob Frege
  • 26. What principle did Dummett trace the linguistic turn to in Frege's work?
A) The context principle
B) The transcendental deduction
C) The categorical imperative
D) The analytic-synthetic distinction
  • 27. In Frege's example, what is the reference of 'the Morning Star' and 'the Evening Star'?
A) The planet Venus.
B) Two different stars.
C) Two distinct celestial bodies.
D) A morning star and an evening star.
  • 28. Who is credited with starting a revival of logic in British philosophy during the nineteenth century?
A) William Hamilton
B) F. H. Bradley
C) George Boole
D) Richard Whately
  • 29. Who were the major figures in the revival of logic in British philosophy?
A) Bertrand Russell, G. E. Moore
B) Hugh MacColl, Charles Sanders Peirce
C) Richard Whately, George Boole
D) F. H. Bradley, T. H. Green
  • 30. Which movement dominated British philosophy in the late nineteenth century?
A) British idealism
B) Pragmatism
C) Logical atomism
D) Empiricism
  • 31. Who exemplified the British idealist school with 'Appearance and Reality'?
A) T. H. Green
B) Bertrand Russell
C) G. E. Moore
D) F. H. Bradley
  • 32. What did Bertrand Russell and G. E. Moore reject in their philosophical approach?
A) Pragmatism
B) Hegelianism for being obscure
C) Logical atomism
D) Empiricism
  • 33. What did Russell and Moore revert to in their philosophical stance?
A) Logical holism
B) Neo-Hegelianism
C) Common sense realism
D) Internal relations
  • 34. In what year did Bertrand Russell discover the paradox in Basic Law V?
A) 1910
B) 1903
C) 1905
D) 1901
  • 35. According to Russell, what can proper names be replaced with?
A) Universal terms
B) Abstract concepts
C) Demonstratives like this or that
D) Disguised definite descriptions
  • 36. What philosophical puzzle does Russell present his own version of in 'On Denoting'?
A) The liar paradox
B) Frege's second puzzle
C) Zeno's paradoxes
D) Descartes' evil demon
  • 37. What does denying 'The present King of France is bald' illustrate?
A) Predicate logic
B) Scope ambiguity
C) Quantifier ambiguity
D) Identity theory
  • 38. Who co-authored 'Principia Mathematica' with Bertrand Russell?
A) Ludwig Wittgenstein
B) Alfred North Whitehead
C) John Stuart Mill
D) Gottlob Frege
  • 39. What did Alfred North Whitehead develop in 'Process and Reality' (1929)?
A) Process metaphysics
B) The theory of types
C) Logical atomism
D) Ideal language philosophy
  • 40. 'Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus' is also known as:
A) Logical Atomism
B) Process and Reality
C) The Tractatus
D) Principia Mathematica
  • 41. Who is recognized as one of the most influential philosophers of the twentieth century?
A) W. V. O. Quine
B) Kant
C) Sellars
D) Carnap
  • 42. What did Ryle criticize in 'The Concept of Mind'?
A) Sense-data theories
B) Cartesian dualism
C) Austrian realism
D) Russell's theory of descriptions
  • 43. What concept did Isaiah Berlin define as the absence of coercion or interference in private actions?
A) 'Positive liberty'
B) 'Distributive justice'
C) 'Negative liberty'
D) 'Proletarian unfreedom'
  • 44. What was Carnap's approach to solving philosophical problems called?
A) Logical ascent
B) Epistemic ascent
C) Semantic ascent
D) Metaphysical ascent
  • 45. What method did the 'Tractatus' introduce philosophers to?
A) Truth table method.
B) Predicate logic.
C) Theory of types.
D) Process metaphysics.
  • 46. What does the KK thesis relate to in epistemology?
A) Justified true belief
B) The principle of sufficient reason
C) Logical pluralism
D) Knowledge about knowledge
  • 47. Which philosopher was Quine a student of?
A) Wittgenstein
B) Sellars
C) Russell
D) Carnap
  • 48. Which philosopher criticized utilitarianism with the utility monster argument?
A) Thomas Nagel
B) Henry Sidgwick
C) Robert Nozick
D) John Rawls
  • 49. Which philosopher contributed the 'trolley problem' into ethical discourse?
A) G. E. Moore
B) Elizabeth Anscombe
C) Philippa Foot
D) R. M. Hare
  • 50. What thought experiment does Wittgenstein use to argue against the possibility of a private language?
A) The color-exclusion problem.
B) The linguistic ladder.
C) The duck-rabbit ambiguous image.
D) The beetle-in-a-box thought experiment.
  • 51. Which school applies analytic techniques to the theories of Karl Marx?
A) Ordinary language philosophy
B) Legal positivism
C) Analytical Marxism
D) Liberal egalitarianism
  • 52. Who issued a thought experiment involving fission in 'Reasons and Persons'?
A) John Locke
B) Bernard Williams
C) Derek Parfit
D) David Lewis
  • 53. Who taught at the University of Otago in New Zealand?
A) John Anderson
B) Karl Popper
C) David Lewis
D) J.N. Findlay
  • 54. What is methodism in the context of the problem of the criterion?
A) Applying induction to philosophical problems
B) Answering 'how do we know?' before 'what do we know?'
C) Doubting all knowledge claims
D) Focusing on particular instances of knowledge
  • 55. What term is used to describe the increased interest in virtue ethics?
A) The 'aretaic turn'
B) The deontological revival
C) The consequentialist resurgence
D) The emotivist shift
  • 56. Which theory did Charles Stevenson develop in 'Ethics and Language'?
A) Universal prescriptivism
B) Emotivism
C) Error theory
D) Expressivism
  • 57. Who argued against the closure principle with relevant alternatives theory?
A) Wittgenstein
B) Fred Dretske
C) G. E. Moore
D) Robert Nozick
  • 58. What is the current phase of analytic philosophy in China called?
A) Third phase
B) Second phase
C) First phase
D) Fourth phase
  • 59. Which philosopher lectured at Canterbury University College in Christchurch?
A) David Lewis
B) Karl Popper
C) J.N. Findlay
D) John Anderson
  • 60. Which theory did Austin criticize in 'Sense and Sensibilia'?
A) Cartesian dualism
B) Russell's theory of descriptions
C) Sense-data theories
D) Austrian realism
  • 61. What does Wittgenstein conclude about the propositions in the 'Tractatus'?
A) They provide a comprehensive system of logical atomism.
B) They solve all philosophical problems.
C) They express the totality of actual states of affairs.
D) All its propositions are ultimately meaningless.
  • 62. Who introduced logical positivism to China with The Philosophy of the Vienna Circle?
A) Hong Qian
B) Liang Qichao
C) Tscha Hung
D) Zhang Shenfu
  • 63. Who is considered to have founded Finnish analytic philosophy?
A) Ernst Mally
B) Georg Henrik von Wright
C) Axel Hägerström
D) Eino Kaila
  • 64. Which philosopher used the closure principle in an anti-skeptical argument?
A) G. E. Moore
B) Chisholm
C) Wittgenstein
D) Nelson Goodman
  • 65. Who is credited with reviving theories of essence and identity in philosophy?
A) Saul Kripke.
B) Ludwig Wittgenstein.
C) Willard Van Orman Quine.
D) Bertrand Russell.
  • 66. What does G. A. Cohen's book defend?
A) Free-market libertarianism
B) Liberal egalitarian distributive justice
C) Legal positivism
D) Marx's historical materialism
  • 67. Who succeeded Wittgenstein at Cambridge in 1948?
A) Ernst Mally
B) Eino Kaila
C) Axel Hägerström
D) Georg Henrik von Wright
  • 68. Who led the Vienna Circle?
A) Hans Reichenbach
B) Rudolf Carnap
C) Otto Neurath
D) Moritz Schlick
  • 69. Who introduced the 'box' operator for necessity in modal logic?
A) Ruth Barcan Marcus.
B) Willard Van Orman Quine.
C) Carnap.
D) Saul Kripke.
  • 70. Who defended foundationalism in epistemology?
A) Michael Huemer
B) Roderick Chisholm
C) Quine
D) Alvin Goldman
  • 71. Which philosophical movement saw a revival during the second half of the twentieth century?
A) Logical positivism
B) Metaphysical theorizing
C) Pragmatism
D) Empiricism
  • 72. What political event sidelined research in analytic philosophy during its second phase in China?
A) World War II
B) Communist political pressure
C) Cultural Revolution
D) Economic reforms of the 1970s
  • 73. In which year did Russell visit China?
A) 1970s
B) 1956
C) 1945
D) 1920
  • 74. What does Robert Nozick's Wilt Chamberlain argument relate to?
A) Free-market libertarianism
B) Legal positivism
C) Animal rights
D) Historical materialism
  • 75. Which philosopher is known for the A-theory of time?
A) Arthur Prior
B) David Lewis
C) Charlie Broad
D) John McTaggart
  • 76. Who introduced the concept of open texture?
A) Moritz Schlick
B) Rudolf Carnap
C) Friedrich Waismann
D) Hans Reichenbach
  • 77. Who proposed virtue epistemology in 'The Raft and the Pyramid'?
A) Roderick Chisholm
B) Ernest Sosa
C) Quine
D) Alvin Goldman
  • 78. Who first introduced Russell's ideas to China?
A) Jin Yuelin
B) Liang Qichao
C) Tscha Hung
D) Zhang Shenfu
  • 79. Who influenced Australian philosophy with realism?
A) David Lewis
B) Samuel Alexander
C) J.N. Findlay
D) John Anderson
  • 80. What did Kripke provide for modal logic?
A) An algorithm.
B) A proof system.
C) A semantics.
D) A syntax.
  • 81. 'Whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent.' is a conclusion from:
A) Logical Atomism.
B) Principia Mathematica.
C) Process and Reality.
D) The 'Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus'.
  • 82. What happened to Moritz Schlick in 1936?
A) He became a professor at Oxford University
B) He published a major work on logical positivism
C) He was murdered by his former student, Hans Nelböck
D) He fled to the United States
  • 83. Who believed in mereological nihilism except for living beings?
A) Nelson Goodman
B) Peter Van Inwagen
C) Stanisław Leśniewski
D) David Lewis
  • 84. Which book by Peter Singer argues for vegetarianism?
A) Animal Liberation (1975)
B) Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974)
C) The Open Society and its Enemies (1945)
D) A Theory of Justice (1971)
  • 85. What does Isaiah Berlin's 'positive liberty' emphasize?
A) Proletarian unfreedom
B) Distributive justice
C) Absence of coercion
D) Self-mastery
  • 86. What did Ryle argue was similar to asking 'Where is the university?'?
A) Austin's speech acts theory
B) Descartes' error
C) Strawson's presupposition of existence
D) Hägerström's idealism
  • 87. Which philosopher proposed ethical (or normative) legal positivism?
A) John Rawls
B) Matthew Kramer
C) G. A. Cohen
D) Karl Popper
  • 88. What was the title of Wittgenstein's posthumous work published in 1953?
A) The Blue Book
B) Philosophical Investigations
C) Some Remarks on Logical Form
D) Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
  • 89. What is particularism in the context of the problem of the criterion?
A) Doubting that knowledge exists
B) Answering 'what do we know?' before 'how do we know it?'
C) Applying closure principles to knowledge
D) Focusing on methodological criteria first
  • 90. In 'Naming and Necessity', what does Saul Kripke argue proper names are?
A) Analytic terms.
B) Synthetic constructs.
C) Rigid designators.
D) Flexible descriptions.
  • 91. What is a truth-maker contrasted with?
A) A semantic theory
B) An ontological commitment
C) A truth-bearer
D) A redundancy theory
  • 92. Which philosopher's criticisms led to Wittgenstein's first doubts about his early philosophy?
A) John Wisdom
B) Rush Rhees
C) Piero Sraffa
D) Frank Ramsey
  • 93. What argument did Peter van Inwagen introduce in his monograph 'An Essay on Free Will'?
A) The liar paradox
B) Tense logic
C) The principle of sufficient reason
D) The consequence argument
  • 94. What term did van Inwagen use to contrast with compatibilism?
A) Perdurantism
B) Libertarianism
C) Determinism
D) Incompatibilism
  • 95. What type of foundationalism does Michael Huemer defend?
A) Causal theory of knowledge
B) Phenomenal conservatism
C) Virtue epistemology
D) Coherentism
  • 96. What did C. I. Lewis develop to address the paradoxes of material implication?
A) Deontic logic.
B) Predicate logic.
C) Quantifier logic.
D) Modal logic.
  • 97. Which journal did Carnap and Reichenbach start?
A) Erkenntnis
B) Philosophical Review
C) Mind
D) Analysis
  • 98. Which philosopher is credited with providing information about Wittgenstein's later philosophy before the publication of Philosophical Investigations?
A) Frank Ramsey
B) Piero Sraffa
C) John Wisdom
D) Ludwig Wittgenstein himself
  • 99. Who is a pioneer of logical pluralism?
A) Jan Łukasiewicz
B) Edmund Gettier
C) Graham Priest
D) JC Beall
  • 100. Which philosopher developed a causal theory of knowledge?
A) Ernest Sosa
B) Roderick Chisholm
C) Alvin Goldman
D) Quine
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