American Holocaust by Malcolm Hillgartner, David E. Stannard - Exam
- 1. The American Holocaust, an insightful work authored by Malcolm Hillgartner and David E. Stannard, presents a profound examination of the catastrophic impact of European colonization on the Indigenous populations of the Americas. This book meticulously documents the immense suffering and widespread death experienced by Native Americans due to violent conquest, disease, and cultural destruction perpetrated by European settlers from the 15th century onward. Hillgartner and Stannard delve into historical records and firsthand accounts to reveal the staggering mortality rates caused by wars, forced relocations, and the introduction of foreign diseases, illustrating how these factors contributed to what can only be described as a genocide on a monumental scale. They challenge readers to confront the uncomfortable truths about this dark chapter in history, urging a critical reevaluation of the narratives surrounding American history and the legacies of colonialism. The authors' comprehensive research and compelling storytelling raise awareness about the long-lasting effects of colonial violence, inviting a necessary dialogue about justice, recognition, and the need for reconciliation with the descendants of those who suffered.
According to Stannard, approximately how many Indigenous people lived in the Americas before 1492?
A) Over 200 million
B) Around 100 million
C) About 10 million
D) Less than 5 million
- 2. What percentage of the Native American population does Stannard estimate was wiped out within the first century after contact?
A) 75%
B) 25%
C) 95%
D) 50%
- 3. Which European disease is noted as particularly devastating to Native populations?
A) Tuberculosis
B) Influenza
C) Smallpox
D) Malaria
- 4. What does Stannard say about the role of disease in the population decline?
A) Disease affected Europeans more severely
B) Disease was the only cause of population decline
C) Disease played a minor role
D) Disease was exploited as a weapon of genocide
- 5. What does Stannard argue about the concept of 'manifest destiny'?
A) It was a later invention
B) It was used to justify genocide
C) It promoted peaceful expansion
D) It benefited Native Americans
- 6. What role did Christian missionaries play according to Stannard?
A) They protected Native rights
B) They documented Native cultures
C) They provided medical care
D) They facilitated cultural destruction
- 7. What was the 'Black Legend' mentioned in the book?
A) Stories about Native American brutality
B) Myths about lost civilizations
C) Legends of gold and treasure
D) Exaggerated accounts of Spanish cruelty
- 8. What does Stannard argue about biological warfare?
A) Europeans intentionally used disease as a weapon
B) It was accidental and unintended
C) It was never used in the Americas
D) Only Native Americans used biological weapons
- 9. What was the 'Trail of Tears' in the context of the book?
A) A trade route
B) A religious pilgrimage
C) A Native American victory march
D) Forced relocation of Cherokee people
- 10. Which European explorer does Stannard criticize most strongly?
A) Christopher Columbus
B) John Cabot
C) Amerigo Vespucci
D) Ferdinand Magellan
- 11. According to Stannard, what ideological justification did Europeans use for their actions?
A) Religious and racial superiority
B) Political expansion
C) Economic necessity alone
D) Scientific progress
- 12. What does Stannard say about Columbus's role in the destruction?
A) He was primarily an explorer, not involved in violence
B) His role has been exaggerated by historians
C) He tried to protect Native populations
D) He initiated systematic violence and enslavement
- 13. Which modern country's treatment of indigenous people does Stannard particularly criticize?
A) Canada
B) The United States
C) Mexico
D) Brazil
- 14. What does Stannard argue about the continuity between early colonization and later US policy?
A) The two periods are unrelated
B) There is direct ideological continuity
C) Later policies were more humane
D) US policy represented a complete break
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