- 1. What primary weapon type did Chinese troops have to rely on against amphibious assaults early in the conflict?
A) Anti-tank missiles
B) Heavy artillery
C) Small-caliber weapons
D) Naval destroyers
- 2. Why was the sandy soil of the coastal region a disadvantage for the Chinese?
A) It blocked the line of sight for snipers
B) It caused soldiers to develop skin infections
C) It was difficult to construct sturdy fortifications
D) It made the terrain impossible for tanks to cross
- 3. Where did the Chinese often obtain materials for building trenches and fortifications?
A) From abandoned Japanese supply depots
B) From bombed-out houses
C) Imported from international allies
D) From local forestry supplies
- 4. Which officer was assigned to defend the walled town of Baoshan?
A) Yao Ziqing
B) Xue Yue
C) Chen Cheng
D) Lin Yindong
- 5. What was the significance of the message delivered by the sole survivor of the Baoshan battalion?
A) They were determined to fight until every soldier was killed
B) The town had been evacuated safely
C) They requested an immediate air strike
D) The town was surrendered under duress
- 6. Which town was nicknamed the 'grinding mill of flesh and blood'?
A) Liujiahang
B) Baoshan
C) Gujiazhai
D) Luodian
- 7. Who advised Chiang Kai-shek that Luodian was the most crucial strategic point?
A) Yao Ziqing
B) Alexander von Falkenhausen
C) Xue Yue
D) Chen Cheng
- 8. What device did the Japanese use to pinpoint Chinese positions before artillery strikes?
A) Observation balloons
B) Thermal imaging cameras
C) Radar technology
D) Carrier pigeons
- 9. How did the Japanese finally breach the 'white house' in Luodian on September 23?
A) By using poison gas
B) By using a tunnel to plant explosives
C) By negotiating a surrender
D) By starving out the defenders
- 10. Approximately what percentage of casualties did the 59th and 90th Divisions of the 4th Army suffer in five days?
A) 40 to 50 percent
B) 70 to 80 percent
C) 90 to 100 percent
D) 20 to 30 percent
- 11. What happened to the 12th Company of the 3rd Battalion at Jinjiawan?
A) They successfully retreated to the main line
B) They captured the Japanese commander
C) They were rescued by the 16th Division
D) They were wiped out
- 12. Which commander was put under investigation for the retreat from Taipingqiao?
A) Yao Ziqing
B) Luo Lin
C) Li Youmei
D) Lin Yindong
- 13. When did the second phase of the Battle of Shanghai begin?
A) September 11
B) August 23
C) October 26
D) August 28
- 14. Which specific Japanese divisions were ordered to Shanghai on September 11, 1937?
A) 18th, 20th, and 50th
B) 1st, 2nd, and 3rd
C) 9th, 13th, and 101st
D) 3rd, 11th, and 5th
- 15. Where did the majority of Japanese landings occur?
A) Inside the downtown metropolis
B) Along the Huangpu River bank
C) Near the city center of Zhabei
D) Near the coast at Liuhe
- 16. Which Japanese commander led the Shanghai Expeditionary Force (SEF)?
A) Chiang Kai-shek
B) Emperor Hirohito
C) Iwane Matsui
D) Chen Cheng
- 17. What towns were targeted during the amphibious assault on August 23, 1937?
A) Zhabei, Jiangwan, and Liuhe
B) Liuhe, Shizilin, and Jiangwan
C) Chuanshakou, Shizilin, and Baoshan
D) Wusong, downtown Shanghai, and Zhabei
- 18. How far were the coastal landing towns from downtown Shanghai?
A) One hundred kilometers
B) Fifty kilometers
C) Five kilometers
D) Ten kilometers
- 19. Who did Chiang Kai-shek order to reinforce the coastal area?
A) The 13th Division
B) Iwane Matsui
C) Chen Cheng
D) The 9th Division
- 20. What military unit was used by Chen Cheng to reinforce the coast?
A) 11th Division
B) 3rd Division
C) 5th Heavy Artillery Brigade
D) 18th Army
- 21. How many Japanese soldiers were killed on August 28, 1937, attempting to secure a beachhead at Baoshan?
A) Five hundred
B) One thousand
C) One hundred
D) Two hundred
- 22. Which Japanese tactic was commonly used before amphibious assaults?
A) Night infiltration
B) Chemical warfare
C) Paratrooper drops
D) Heavy naval and air bombardment
- 23. Which downtown positions did Chinese divisions hold for three months?
A) Chuanshakou and Baoshan
B) Zhabei and Jiangwan
C) Shizilin and the Huangpu River
D) Liuhe and Wusong
- 24. Who was killed by Chinese soldiers at a Wusong artillery position?
A) Chen Cheng
B) The commander of the 101st Division
C) Emperor Hirohito's cousin-in-law
D) Iwane Matsui
- 25. The Japanese performed a similar maneuver to the landings near Liuhe in which year?
A) 1932
B) 1937
C) 1935
D) 1928
- 26. Who was the Chinese representative that dismissed the Japanese demand for troop withdrawal?
A) Chiang Kai-shek
B) Alexander von Falkenhausen
C) Yu Hung-chun
D) Zhang Zhizhong
- 27. What incident did major powers want to avoid repeating in Shanghai due to economic disruptions?
A) Nanjing Occupation
B) January 28 Incident
C) Bazi Bridge Incident
D) North China Incident
- 28. Where did the Japanese army cross to attack various centers in the city on August 13?
A) Yangtze River
B) Huangpu River
C) Zhabei District
D) Bazi Bridge
- 29. Which Chinese division retaliated with mortar attacks during the opening skirmishes?
A) ROCAF
B) 87th Division
C) Peace Preservation Corps
D) 88th Division
- 30. Which Chinese division was tasked with attacking the Japanese naval command at the Kung-ta Textile Mill?
A) Peace Preservation Corps
B) 87th Division
C) The Third Fleet
D) 88th Division
- 31. What was the only heavy weapon possessed by the Chinese forces during the battle?
A) Air-dropped bombs
B) Naval destroyers
C) 150mm howitzers
D) Heavy tanks
- 32. How long did Zhang Zhizhong estimate it would take to achieve the initial objectives?
A) One day
B) Three days
C) One month
D) One week
- 33. Who was the driver killed alongside Isao Ōyama?
A) Saito Yozo
B) Shi Shuo
C) A nameless death row inmate
D) Peter Harmsen
- 34. What was the status of Shanghai in the world at the time of the battle?
A) World's largest city
B) World's tenth largest city
C) World's largest industrial center
D) World's fifth largest city
- 35. Which Japanese military branch provided heavy bombardment from the Huangpu River during the first attack?
A) Imperial Guard
B) Manchurian Expeditionary Force
C) First Air Squadron
D) Third Fleet
- 36. Who was the brigade commander killed near Bazi Bridge during the first Chinese attack?
A) Zhang Zhizhong
B) Chen Cheng
C) Huang Meixing
D) Li Zeng
- 37. What tactics did Chinese divisions plan to use during the Operation Iron Fist assault on August 17?
A) Static trench warfare
B) Aerial paratrooper drops
C) German Stosstrupp shock tactics
D) Guerilla hit-and-run tactics
- 38. What did the Chinese construct to gradually surround Japanese strongholds?
A) Sandbag blockades
B) Concrete walls
C) Wooden barricades
D) Barbed wire fences
- 39. What type of tanks did the Chinese deploy to assist their assault on August 19?
A) Soviet T-26 tanks
B) French Renault FT tanks
C) German Panzer I tanks
D) British-made Vickers 6-ton tanks
- 40. Who was the 36th Division staff officer who witnessed a Chinese soldier use himself as a suicide bomber against a tank?
A) Zhang Zhizhong
B) Li Zeng
C) Xiong Xinmin
D) Chen Ruihe
- 41. What was the final street Chinese tanks reached before the Huangpu River by August 21?
A) Zhoushan Road
B) Yangshupu Road
C) Broadway
D) Kunming Road
- 42. What was the name of the fortified factory that could withstand Chinese artillery?
A) Gong Da Cotton Mill
B) Hueishan Warehouse
C) Sasebo Steel Works
D) Shanghai Textile Mill
- 43. Which American correspondent compared the battle to a mix of Verdun and Gettysburg?
A) Walter Lippmann
B) Ernest Hemingway
C) Edgar Snow
D) John Hersey
- 44. Which aircraft primarily provided escort cover for the Chinese Air Force during the Battle of Shanghai?
A) Mitsubishi A5M
B) Curtiss Hawk II
C) Curtiss Hawk III
D) Boeing P-26 Model 281 Peashooter
- 45. What was the name of the Japanese Navy flagship targeted by the ROCAF on August 14, 1937?
A) Kaga
B) Yamato
C) Izumo
D) Akagi
- 46. Approximately how many civilians were killed outright in the 'Black Saturday' bombing incident?
A) 1,000–1,500
B) 700–950
C) 200–500
D) 2,000–3,000
- 47. Where did most of the civilian deaths occur during the accidental bombing of the International Settlement?
A) Jianqiao Airbase
B) Great World entertainment centre
C) The Bund
D) Nanking Road
- 48. Who commanded the 4th Flying Group of the ROCAF during the engagement on August 14, 1937?
A) Chen Shaokuan
B) Chiang Kai-shek
C) Captain Gao Zhihang
D) Kiyoshi Hasegawa
- 49. What treaty provided a lifeline of new replacement fighter aircraft to the Chinese Air Force?
A) Sino-British Treaty
B) Sino-Soviet Treaty
C) Sino-American Treaty
D) Sino-Japanese Treaty
- 50. How many Chinese ships were sunk at Jiangyin by October 1937?
A) Ten
B) Twenty
C) Five
D) One
- 51. In which river was the Japanese cruiser Izumo moored during the attempted bombing?
A) Yangtze River
B) Whangpoo (Huangpu) River
C) Pearl River
D) Yellow River
- 52. How many Japanese planes did the 4th Flying Group shoot down on August 14 without suffering any losses?
A) Zero
B) Six
C) Ten
D) Two
- 53. Who was the commander of the Chinese 5th Army at the beginning of the battle?
A) Chiang Kai-shek
B) Chen Cheng
C) Gu Zhutong
D) Zhang Zhizhong
- 54. Who eventually became the commander of the third war zone covering Shanghai?
A) Zhang Zhizhong
B) Chiang Kai-shek
C) Chen Cheng
D) Gu Zhutong
- 55. What was the initial Japanese plan for the Shanghai region before the escalation?
A) Full economic cooperation
B) Localized containment
C) Total annexation
D) Immediate surrender of the city
- 56. Which town did the Japanese invade south of Luodian?
A) Liuhang
B) Suzhou
C) Dachang
D) Wusong
- 57. How many Japanese divisions did Matsui mass to break the Chinese lines?
A) Eight
B) Six
C) Two
D) Four
- 58. What date did the Japanese forces attack the Chinese defenses at Wusong Creek?
A) October 15, 1937
B) October 26, 1937
C) October 5, 1937
D) October 1, 1937
- 59. When did the Guangxi Army join the battle for Shanghai?
A) October 1, 1937
B) October 14, 1937
C) October 26, 1937
D) October 21, 1937
- 60. Which commander attempted suicide after the fall of Dachang?
A) Bai Chongxi
B) Chiang Kai-shek
C) Li Zongren
D) Zhu Yaohua
- 61. What date did Dachang finally fall to the Japanese?
A) October 14, 1937
B) October 5, 1937
C) October 26, 1937
D) October 21, 1937
- 62. What Chinese regiment defended Sanjiacun as part of the 160th Division?
A) 958th Regiment
B) 73rd Regiment
C) 959th Regiment
D) 953rd Regiment
- 63. What unit replaced the 958th Regiment on October 18, 1937, due to heavy casualties?
A) 959th Regiment
B) 953rd Regiment
C) 292nd Brigade
D) 13th Division Engineer Battalion
- 64. Which Chinese position fell on October 21, 1937, following a massive attack by the 58th Infantry Regiment?
A) Sanjiacun
B) Mengjiazhai
C) Laoluzhai
D) Xinmuqiao
- 65. To which location did the Chinese 13th Division withdraw for reorganization on October 22?
A) Shanghai
B) Liujiahang
C) Taicang
D) Chenjiahang
- 66. Who was the commander of the 159th Division's 953rd Regiment?
A) Guan Huimin
B) Hong Shiyang
C) Yazaki
D) Ruan Zhaochang
- 67. Which Japanese infantry regiment occupied Daijiazhai south of Xinmuqiao?
A) 65th Infantry Regiment
B) 104th Infantry Regiment
C) 116th Infantry Regiment
D) 58th Infantry Regiment
- 68. What did the Japanese Army accuse the Chinese Army of using near Sanjiacun on October 23?
A) Air support
B) Trench warfare
C) Poison gas
D) Artillery barrage
- 69. Who was the divisional commander of the 57th Division during the Mengjiazhai battle?
A) Yazaki
B) Ruan Zhaochang
C) Hong Shiyang
D) Guan Huimin
- 70. On what date did the Chinese withdraw from their positions in the Guangfu battlefield?
A) November 12
B) November 1
C) October 31
D) October 28
- 71. Which brigade commander was killed in action fighting the 116th Infantry Regiment at Gejiatou?
A) Hong Shiyang
B) Yazaki
C) Guan Huimin
D) Ruan Zhaochang
- 72. Who led the 1st Battalion of the 524th Regiment during the defense of the Sihang Warehouse?
A) Xie Jinyuan
B) Sun Li-jen
C) Gu Huiquan
D) Ji Keipei
- 73. Approximately how many men and officers defended the Sihang Warehouse?
A) 3,000
B) 1,200
C) 411
D) 102
- 74. Where were the Chinese defenders interned after escaping the Sihang Warehouse?
A) Brussels
B) Nanjing
C) International Settlement
D) Dachang
- 75. What was the casualty count reported by Colonel Xie Jinyuan for Japanese troops killed at Sihang?
A) Over 100
B) Exactly 3
C) Over 1,000
D) Over 200
- 76. Which general of the Tax Police Corps was badly wounded during the fighting along the Suzhou Creek?
A) Xie Jinyuan
B) Sun Li-jen
C) Ji Keipei
D) Gu Huiquan
- 77. Which regimental commander was killed in action while fighting the Japanese 9th Division?
A) Ji Keipei
B) Gu Huiquan
C) Xie Jinyuan
D) Sun Li-jen
- 78. How many combat soldiers were left in the 36th Division's 211th Regiment by November 6, 1937?
A) 50
B) 80
C) 20
D) 60
- 79. What caused half of the reinforcements from the 34th Division to desert?
A) Exhaustion and hunger
B) Orders from commanders
C) Japanese aircraft bombing
D) Lack of ammunition
- 80. Who was the commander of the 626th Regiment who died supervising the front-line?
A) Sun Li-jen
B) Xie Jinyuan
C) Ji Keipei
D) Gu Huiquan
- 81. Who was the commander of the Japanese 10th Army?
A) Iwane Matsui
B) Prince Asaka
C) Heisuke Yanagawa
D) Kesago Nakajima
- 82. Which Japanese royal was appointed as the commander of the SEF?
A) Prince Mikasa
B) Prince Chichibu
C) Emperor Hirohito
D) Prince Asaka
- 83. How long did it take for the Japanese army to cover the 400 kilometers to Nanjing?
A) About a month
B) Six months
C) Three months
D) One week
- 84. Which city were the 67th and 43rd Armies ordered to hold to cover the Chinese retreat?
A) Baoshan
B) Nanshi
C) Songjiang
D) Dachang
- 85. What was the name of the final line of defense between Shanghai and Nanjing?
A) Xicheng Line
B) Wufu Line
C) Chinese Hindenburg Line
D) Maginot Line
- 86. Which battle did a contemporary Chinese historian compare the Battle of Shanghai to in terms of bloodiness?
A) Somme
B) Ypres
C) Stalingrad
D) Verdun
- 87. According to the official Chinese report on November 5, how many Chinese were killed or wounded?
A) 130,000
B) 187,200
C) 300,000
D) 250,000
- 88. Who was the American military officer stationed in China that estimated total Chinese casualties at 240,000?
A) Peter Harmsen
B) James Paulose
C) Richard Frank
D) Frank Dorn
- 89. What factor contributed to the high Chinese casualties during the battle?
A) Excessive use of chemical weapons
B) Lack of motivation
C) Insufficient numbers of soldiers
D) Reliance on costly frontal assaults
- 90. What percentage casualty rate did the Japanese 9th Division suffer according to Richard Frank?
A) 94%
B) 74%
C) 64%
D) 84%
- 91. According to Ikuhiko Hata, what was the total number of casualties for the five most involved Japanese divisions?
A) 60,000
B) 9,115
C) 93,000
D) 42,202
- 92. How many total casualties did the Ministry of Military Affairs report in 1938 for the period between August 13 and November 15?
A) 250,000
B) 229,382
C) 333,500
D) 300,000
- 93. What was the official Japanese claim for their own killed-in-action total during the campaign?
A) 18,000
B) 17,000
C) 11,072
D) 9,115
- 94. What was a common method of execution for Chinese prisoners mentioned in the text?
A) Drowning in the Huangpu River.
B) Public hanging.
C) Decapitation with swords.
D) Exposure to freezing conditions.
- 95. What act of violence did Japanese troops commit near the Jessfield Railway Bridge?
A) Machine gunning crowds of refugees.
B) Setting fire to the bridge structure.
C) Mining the railway tracks.
D) Taking local civilians as hostages.
- 96. Which targets were deliberately bombed or strafed by Japanese aircraft?
A) Japanese supply depots.
B) Anything bearing the Red Cross.
C) Abandoned industrial factories.
D) Foreign embassy buildings.
- 97. Which of the following was a component of the Chinese scorched earth tactics?
A) Constructing new defensive walls.
B) Distributing food to the poor.
C) Poisoning wells.
D) Building underground tunnels.
- 98. How many Chinese troops were considered comparatively better trained at the start of the war?
A) 500,000
B) 300,000
C) 100,000
D) 80,000
- 99. How many junior officers did the Whampoa Military Academy train between 1929 and 1937?
A) 50,000
B) 10,000
C) 100,000
D) 25,000
- 100. How many of the 88th Division's troops during the defense of Nanjing were new recruits?
A) One thousand
B) Five thousand
C) Seven thousand
D) Three thousand
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