- 1. Juan, a jeepney driver in Lipa, sees an unattended cellphone on a table. He quickly computes that no CCTV is present and the owner is asleep. He takes it. Which theory best explains his crime?
A) Classical Theory
B) Rational Choice Theory
C) Labeling Theory
D) Atavism
- 2. A city ordinance imposes 1-day jail for jaywalking regardless of reason, age, or intent. This reflects:
A) Classical Theory
B) Positivist Theory
C) Social Disorganization
D) Neoclassical Theory
- 3. A thief avoids houses with guard dogs, lights, and CCTV, and targets houses empty from 8am-5pm. This is best explained by:
A) Routine Activity Theory
B) Strain Theory
C) Biological Theory
D) Moral Development Theory
- 4. In a bar, there is a motivated offender, a drunk suitable target, and no bouncer. A fight happens. Which element of Routine Activity Theory if present would have prevented it?
A) Capable guardian
B) Anomie
C) Suitable target
D) Motivated offender
- 5. A judge considers that the offender is 14 years old, mentally ill, and was threatened. He reduces the sentence. This is:
A) Biological
B) Conflict
C) Neoclassical
D) Classical
- 6. Beccaria argued that for punishment to deter crime, it must be:
A) Focused on rehabilitation
B) Based on the offender's family
C) Certain, swift, and proportionate
D) Severe, random, and delayed
- 7. A subdivision installs more street lights, fences, and neighborhood watch. Crime drops not because criminals changed, but opportunities decreased. This supports:
A) Psychoanalysis
B) XYY Theory
C) Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design / Rational Choice
D) Labeling Theory
- 8. A pickpocket chooses the Lipa Fiesta crowd because there are many suitable targets and guardians are distracted. This is an application of:
A) Atavism
B) Strain Theory
C) Social Control
D) Routine Activity Theory
- 9. A student says, "I know stealing is wrong, but I will benefit more and I won't get caught." This is:
A) Inferiority complex
B) Anomie
C) Hedonism - pleasure-pain principle of Classical School
D) Atavism
- 10. Under Classical Theory, why is torture as punishment discouraged?
A) It ignores biology
B) It is not scientific
C) It labels the offender
D) It is not deterrent if disproportionate and makes criminals more hardened
- 11. Cesare Lombroso examines a prisoner with large jaw, high cheekbones, and extra fingers and concludes he is a born criminal. This is:
A) Rational Choice
B) Labeling
C) Somatotype Theory
D) Atavism / Born Criminal
- 12. A child has low IQ, ADHD, and a mother who drank alcohol during pregnancy, leading to impulsivity and later theft. This best fits:
A) Classical Theory
B) Biosocial Theory - interaction of biological and environmental factors
C) Routine Activity
D) Conflict Theory
- 13. Sheldon claims that a muscular, aggressive person who loves risk is more likely to commit violent crime. He is describing:
A) Endomorph
B) Ectomorph
C) Atavist
D) Mesomorph
- 14. A study finds that adopted children whose biological parents were criminals are more likely to be criminals despite being raised by non-criminal adoptive parents. This supports:
A) Labeling Theory
B) Differential Association
C) Social Disorganization
D) Genetic transmission / Nature Theory
- 15. An offender with an extra Y chromosome (XYY) is found to be tall, aggressive, and has below-average intelligence. This is known as:
A) Turner Syndrome
B) Atavism
C) Supermale Syndrome
D) Klinefelter Syndrome
- 16. A person with low levels of serotonin and high testosterone is easily angered and assaults someone over a small issue. This is explained by:
A) Social Bond Theory
B) Neurochemical / Hormonal explanation
C) Anomie Theory
D) Classical Theory
- 17. A criminologist argues that crime is not due to one gene but due to brain injury, poor diet, and exposure to lead. This is:
A) Conflict Theory
B) Classical Theory
C) Modern Biosocial / Nature-Nurture interaction
D) Pure Biological Determinism
- 18. Twins study: Identical twins both commit crimes even when raised apart, while fraternal twins do not. This suggests:
A) Labeling causes crime
B) Environment is sole cause
C) Heredity influences criminality
D) Strain causes crime
- 19. A man with a tumor in the frontal lobe suddenly becomes pedophilic and steals. After tumor removal, behavior stops. This shows:
A) Differential Association
B) Anomie
C) Classical free will
D) Brain dysfunction can influence criminal behavior
- 20. Which is NOT a criticism of Lombroso's theory?
A) It perfectly explains white-collar crime
B) His atavistic traits are racist and unscientific
C) It ignores free will and social factors
D) He used small sample and no control group
- 21. Freud says a boy who had a dominant mother and weak father fails to develop proper conscience and later rapes. This is:
A) Psychoanalytic Theory - weak superego
B) Labeling Theory
C) Strain Theory
D) Classical Theory
- 22. A child watches his father beat his mother and later does the same to his wife. This is best explained by:
A) Classical Theory
B) Labeling Theory
C) Bandura's Modeling Theory
D) Biological Theory
- 23. A student with low intelligence cannot cope with school frustration and drops out, then steals. Goddard would explain this as:
A) Anomie
B) Conflict Theory
C) Rational Choice
D) Feeblemindedness Theory
- 24. A person with an overactive Id and weak Ego commits impulsive sex crimes. This is:
A) Routine Activity
B) Strain Theory
C) Psychoanalytic explanation
D) Social Disorganization
- 25. Eysenck says criminals are high in extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism, making them hard to condition. This is:
A) Labeling Theory
B) Classical Theory
C) Personality Trait Theory
D) Atavism
- 26. Merton says society tells everyone to be rich, but poor people have no legitimate means. So they steal. This is:
A) Biological Theory
B) Labeling Theory
C) Social Disorganization
D) Strain Theory - Anomie
- 27. A college graduate cannot find a job, becomes frustrated, and sells drugs to achieve financial success. Merton calls this adaptation:
A) Retreatism
B) Innovation
C) Rebellion
D) Ritualism
- 28. A teacher who cannot be promoted just follows rules without believing in them anymore, doing the bare minimum. This is:
A) Ritualism
B) Innovation
C) Conformity
D) Retreatism
- 29. A drug addict who has given up on both money goals and work, just lives to use drugs, is an example of:
A) Retreatism
B) Innovation
C) Ritualism
D) Conformity
- 30. Robert Agnew says a student who is bullied experiences negative emotions and hits back with a knife. This is:
A) Classical Theory
B) Social Bond Theory
C) General Strain Theory
D) Biological Theory
- 31. According to Cohen's Delinquent Subculture, poor boys who fail in middle-class schools create their own gang that values toughness over grades. This is:
A) Status Frustration
B) Labeling
C) Atavism
D) Innovation
- 32. A person wants to be rich but society blocks him. He feels strain. Which is NOT a legitimate coping mechanism according to Agnew?
A) Committing theft to achieve goal
B) Both B and C are illegitimate, but Agnew says B and C are criminal coping
C) Using drugs to escape
D) Seeking social support
- 33. A gated subdivision has strong ties, everyone knows each other, and crime is low. A squatter area beside it with no ties has high crime. This illustrates:
A) Classical Theory
B) Psychoanalysis
C) Collective Efficacy
D) Atavism
- 34. According to Sutherland, a person becomes criminal when:
A) He experiences anomie
B) Definitions favorable to law violation exceed definitions unfavorable
C) He has large jaw
D) He is labeled
- 35. Akers says crime is learned through operant conditioning, imitation, and definitions. If his friends praise him for stealing, he will repeat it. This is:
A) Social Learning Theory
B) Atavism
C) Classical Theory
D) Strain Theory
- 36. A teenager watches a Facebook Reel where shoplifting is shown as cool and easy. He imitates it. This shows:
A) Biological Determinism
B) Somatotype Theory
C) Classical Theory
D) Differential Association and Modeling
- 37. Sykes and Matza say a robber says, "The victim is rich anyway, he won't be hurt." This technique is:
A) Appeal to Higher Loyalties
B) Condemnation of Condemners
C) Denial of Responsibility
D) Denial of Injury
- 38. A youth says, "I didn't have a choice, my barkada forced me." This neutralization technique is:
A) Metaphor of the Ledger
B) Denial of Victim
C) Denial of Responsibility
D) Appeal to Higher Loyalties
- 39. A student says, "I steal for my family, not for myself." This is:
A) Denial of Injury
B) Appeal to Higher Loyalties
C) Denial of Responsibility
D) Atavism
- 40. Which is NOT one of Sutherland's principles?
A) Criminal behavior is learned in interaction with other persons
B) A person becomes criminal because of atavistic stigmata
C) Criminal behavior is learned
D) Learning includes techniques and motives
- 41. A child is praised by his gang for being brave after a fight. The reward increases future fighting. This is:
A) Labeling
B) Classical Theory
C) Differential Reinforcement
D) Anomie
- 42. Miller says lower-class youth value toughness, street smarts, and excitement, leading to gang crimes. This is:
A) Focal Concerns Theory
B) Strain Theory
C) Biological Theory
D) Classical Theory
- 43. Hirschi says a student does not commit crime because he is close to parents, doing well in school, busy with basketball, and believes stealing is wrong. These are:
A) Atavistic traits
B) Modes of adaptation
C) Attachment, Commitment, Involvement, Belief - Social Bonds
D) Techniques of neutralization
- 44. A teenager has no attachment to anyone, no goals, no activities, and thinks rules are stupid. He is most likely to commit crime according to:
A) Labeling Theory
B) Biological Theory
C) Social Bond Theory
D) Classical Theory
- 45. Gottfredson and Hirschi say crime is caused by low self-control developed early due to poor parenting. Crimes are impulsive and short-sighted. This is:
A) Atavism
B) Differential Association
C) Strain Theory
D) Self-Control Theory / General Theory of Crime
- 46. A boy caught once for truancy is called "criminal" by teachers. He is expelled, and eventually becomes a real criminal. This is:
A) Biological Theory
B) Classical Theory
C) Routine Activity
D) Labeling Theory
- 47. Lemert distinguishes primary deviance (initial act) and secondary deviance (deviance after being labeled). A boy who starts to live as a "tulak" after being labeled drug pusher is in:
A) Atavism
B) Primary Deviance
C) Innovation
D) Secondary Deviance
- 48. Police focus on arresting poor shoplifters but ignore corporate tax evasion worth millions. Conflict Theory explains this as:
A) Law serves interests of powerful / elite
B) Anomie among poor
C) Biological inferiority of poor
D) Low self-control of poor only
- 49. Marxist criminologists say capitalism creates crime by creating inequality and greed. This is:
A) Social Bond Theory
B) Biological Theory
C) Classical Theory
D) Conflict / Marxist Theory
- 50. Braithwaite says shaming that labels the person as evil makes more crime, but shaming that condemns the act but respects the person and reintegrates him prevents crime. These are:
A) Atavism vs. Somatotype
B) Innovation vs. Ritualism
C) Primary vs. Secondary Deviance
D) Stigmatizing vs. Reintegrative Shaming
- 51. A judge labels a first-time minor offender as "habitual delinquent" and gives harsh sentence. The offender then becomes habitual. This is:
A) Social Disorganization
B) Rational choice
C) Labeling leads to amplification of deviance
D) Biological determinism
- 52. A girl runs away from abusive home, lives on street, and is forced to steal to survive. Feminist pathway theory explains her crime as:
A) Result of victimization and survival needs
B) Low self-control only
C) Rational choice only
D) Atavism
- 53. A man loses his job, his wife insults him, and he feels angry, then he assaults a neighbor. General Strain explains the intervening factor as:
A) Atavistic stigmata
B) Negative emotions
C) Extra Y chromosome
D) Labeling
- 54. A person is genetically prone to impulsivity, but with good parenting and school he does not become criminal. This is:
A) Biosocial interaction
B) Pure biological determinism
C) Classical Theory
D) Labeling Theory
- 55. A teenager says, "Everyone is corrupt, so why not me?" This is:
A) Atavism
B) Innovation
C) Denial of Victim
D) Condemnation of the Condemners
- 56. What is Crime Causation?
A) Scientific study of the causes of criminal behavior
B) Study of police administration
C) Study of court procedures
D) Study of punishment
- 57. Classical Theory is based on:
A) Free will and hedonism - pleasure vs pain calculation
B) Labeling
C) Low self-control
D) Atavism and born criminal
- 58. Who is the Father of Classical Criminology?
A) Cesare Lombroso
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Cesare Beccaria
D) Emile Durkheim
- 59. Neoclassical Theory differs from Classical because it:
A) Believes in atavism
B) Ignores free will completely
C) Says punishment must be equal for all
D) Considers mitigating circumstances like age and insanity
A) Born criminal as throwback to primitive man
B) Anomie or normlessness
C) Labeling by society
D) Learning crime from barkada
- 61. Lombroso's theory is called:
A) Born Criminal Theory / Atavistic Theory
B) Social Learning Theory
C) Somatotype Theory
D) Strain Theory
- 62. Mesomorph according to Sheldon is:
A) Muscular, aggressive, active - most prone to crime
B) Fat, jolly, lazy
C) Thin, introverted, shy
D) Tall with extra Y chromosome
A) Thin and introverted
B) Muscular and aggressive
C) Fat, soft, sociable, loves comfort
D) Born criminal
A) Muscular
B) Aggressive
C) Thin, fragile, introverted, brainy
D) Fat
- 65. Biosocial Theory states:
A) Crime is purely labeling
B) Crime is purely biological
C) Crime is product of biological and environmental interaction
D) Crime is purely free will
- 66. Id according to Freud is:
A) Pleasure principle
B) Reality principle
C) Moral principle
D) Conscience
A) Pleasure principle
B) Conscience
C) Born criminal trait
D) Reality principle
A) Pleasure principle
B) Reality principle
C) Conscience
D) Atavistic stigmata
- 69. Behaviorism says crime is learned through:
A) Reward and punishment
B) Anomie
C) Free will
D) Atavism
- 70. Modeling Theory is from:
A) Bandura
B) Durkheim
C) Beccaria
D) Lombroso
A) Robert Merton
B) Emile Durkheim
C) Sutherland
D) Cesare Lombroso
- 72. Innovation adaptation means:
A) Rejects goals but accepts means
B) Rejects goals and means
C) Accepts cultural goals (wealth) but rejects legitimate means
D) Accepts both goals and means
- 73. Differential Reinforcement means:
A) Behavior repeated if rewarded, stopped if punished
B) Born criminal
C) Atavism
D) Anomie
A) Atavism
B) Anomie
C) Seeking pleasure, avoiding pain
D) Labeling
- 75. What is Utilitarianism in Classical Theory?
A) Anomie theory
B) Born criminal theory
C) Atavism
D) Greatest happiness for greatest number
- 76. What is Demonological Theory?
A) Crime caused by learning
B) Crime caused by free will
C) Crime caused by evil spirits, demons, witchcraft
D) Crime caused by poverty
- 77. What is White-Collar Crime?
A) Crime committed by poor only
B) Atavistic crime
C) Street crime only
D) Crime committed by person of high status in course of occupation
- 78. What is Victimless Crime?
A) Crime where consenting adults participate and no complainant
B) Biological crime
C) Atavistic crime
D) All of these
- 79. In Puerto Princesa City, Barangay San Jose has many transient renters, no homeowners association, and kids hanging out at internet shops until midnight. Theft is high. What theory BEST explains this?
A) Classical Theory
B) Atavism
C) XYY Syndrome
D) Social Disorganization
- 80. A criminology student, Roxanne, is caught shoplifting. Her professor says, "You are now a thief, you will never change." She is expelled and later joins a theft gang. What happened?
A) Labeling Theory
B) Somatotype Theory
C) Classical Theory
D) Biological Theory
- 81. Shan lost his job at Lima Factory. He wants to keep his family lifestyle but cannot find legal work. He starts selling shabu. Merton calls this:
A) Ritualism
B) Conformity
C) Retreatism
D) Innovation - accepts wealth goal, rejects legitimate means
- 82. A house in a subdivision has no lights, no dog, no CCTV, and owners are on vacation in tagkawayan beach. Burglars target it. Which element is present?
A) Atavism
B) Suitable target + lack of capable guardian
C) Extra Y chromosome
D) Strong social bond
- 83. A child sees his kuya beat his wife every time he is drunk. At 20, he does the same to his girlfriend. This is:
A) Anomie
B) Classical hedonism
C) Social Learning / Modeling
D) Atavism
- 84. A boy is close to his mother, wants to be a policeman, is busy in ROTC, and believes stealing is against God. He resists barkada who invites him to steal. Hirschi explains this as:
A) Anomie
B) Low self-control
C) Strong Social Bonds
D) Atavism
- 85. A girl from a good family with high grades steals makeup for thrill and excitement, not need. Best explained by:
A) Low self-control / sensation seeking
B) Atavism
C) Social Disorganization
D) Poverty causes crime
- 86. In a poor area, youth learn how to pick pockets from older criminals, learn that "magnakaw sa mayaman ay okay lang." This is:
A) Differential Association
B) Biological Theory
C) Anomie
D) Classical Theory
- 87. A barangay leaves graffiti and broken chairs in the plaza unfixed. After 2 months, more vandalism and drug use appear. This illustrates:
A) Classical Theory
B) Atavism
C) Strain Theory
D) Broken Windows Theory
- 88. A man commits murder during a fiesta because in his barkada, backing down from a challenge means you are "duwag" and lose respect. This is:
A) Classical Theory
B) Subculture of Violence / Focal Concerns
C) XYY syndrome
D) Atavism
- 89. A woman who was abused for years kills her husband while he sleeps. Feminist pathway theory would focus on:
A) Mesomorphy
B) Victimization and survival as pathway to crime
C) Classical free will only
D) Atavism
- 90. A former inmate applies for job at SM Lipa but is rejected when they see his prison record. He cannot feed family and returns to robbery. This shows:
A) Classical Theory
B) Labeling Theory
C) Somatotype Theory
D) Biological Theory
- 91. A law criminalizes street vending but not large-scale smuggling by corporations. Conflict theorist would say:
A) Law is neutral
B) Atavism explains law
C) Biological inferiority explains law
D) Law is created by powerful to protect their interests and control the powerless
- 92. A student says, "The store is insured, they won't lose anything if I shoplift." This neutralization is:
A) Appeal to Higher Loyalties
B) Denial of Injury
C) Condemnation of Condemners
D) Denial of Responsibility
- 93. A student says, "I steal cellphones to help my sick mother." This is:
A) Denial of Injury
B) Biological
C) Atavism
D) Appeal to Higher Loyalties
- 94. A community has strong church, active SK, parents know each other, and everyone watches each other's kids. Crime is low despite poverty. This is:
A) Atavism
B) Classical Theory
C) High Collective Efficacy and Strong Social Bonds overcome strain
D) XYY Syndrome
- 95. A man with brain injury in frontal lobe becomes impulsive and sexually assaults children. This supports:
A) Biosocial / Neurocriminology
B) Classical hedonism only
C) Labeling Theory only
D) Social Disorganization
- 96. A child with poor parents is told by teacher he is bobo and will never graduate. He stops studying and joins gang. This is:
A) Classical Theory
B) Labeling Theory
C) Somatotype
D) Atavism
- 97. A crime map shows theft clusters near Lipa Bus Terminal, schools, and malls - not random. This supports:
A) Biological Theory
B) Classical Theory
C) Atavism
D) Crime Pattern Theory
- 98. A person who inherited high impulsivity but raised by loving, disciplining parents who teach self-control does NOT become criminal. This shows:
A) Atavism
B) Pure biological determinism
C) Biosocial interaction
D) Pure classical
- 99. A woman steals milk for her starving child during typhoon.
A) Rational Choice under extreme strain / necessity
B) Ritualism
C) Atavism
D) All of these
- 100. Graffiti left unfixed leads to more serious crimes later.
A) Labeling
B) Somatotype
C) Atavism
D) Broken Windows Theory
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