- 1. After Virtue by Alasdair MacIntyre is a seminal work in moral and political philosophy, first published in 1981, which critiques the state of modern ethical thought and advocates for a return to Aristotelian ethics. MacIntyre argues that contemporary moral discourse is fragmented and lacks a coherent framework, leading to irrational debates over ethical issues where disagreements seem insurmountable. He explores the historical development of ethical theories, particularly focusing on the Enlightenment's impact on moral philosophy, which he claims severed the connection between morality and the practices that give life meaning. MacIntyre emphasizes the importance of virtue and community in moral reasoning, asserting that ethical understanding must be rooted in shared narratives and traditions. He introduces the concept of ' practices' as socially established forms of cooperative human activity alongside the idea of 'virtue' as the character traits necessary to excel in these practices. Throughout the book, MacIntyre illustrates how the contemporary world’s moral uncertainties could be overcome by revitalizing traditions of virtue ethics, fostering a sense of community, and understanding moral concepts within the historical context of their development. Ultimately, After Virtue serves as both a critique of modernity and an invitation to re-examine our moral lives through the lens of historical and philosophical inquiry.
What is the main focus of Alasdair MacIntyre's 'After Virtue'?
A) Support for Kantian ethics
B) Defense of utilitarianism
C) Critique of modern moral philosophy
D) Overview of ancient philosophy
- 2. According to MacIntyre, what has led to a crisis in ethics?
A) The decline of religion
B) The fragmentation of moral traditions
C) The influence of technology
D) The rise of capitalism
- 3. What does MacIntyre believe replaced virtue ethics in modern society?
A) Rationalism
B) Emotivism
C) Stoicism
D) Pragmatism
- 4. In 'After Virtue', MacIntyre discusses the importance of which historical figure?
A) Plato
B) Aristotle
C) Nietzsche
D) Kant
- 5. What does MacIntyre suggest is necessary for a moral community?
A) Individual autonomy
B) Universal laws
C) Economic cooperation
D) Shared practices and traditions
- 6. According to MacIntyre, modern liberalism is insufficient because it lacks what?
A) A regulatory framework
B) Technological advancement
C) A conception of the good life
D) Corporate support
- 7. What term does MacIntyre use to describe a moral tradition?
A) A universal law
B) A set of historically extended and socially embodied arguments
C) A form of social contract
D) An abstract ethical theory
- 8. Which work is often seen as a response to 'After Virtue'?
A) The Nature of Justice by John Rawls
B) Sources of the Self by Charles Taylor
C) Utilitarianism by John Stuart Mill
D) Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals by Kant
- 9. Which philosopher's work does MacIntyre critique for failing to incorporate virtue?
A) Smith.
B) Hume.
C) Kant.
D) Aristotle.
- 10. MacIntyre emphasizes the importance of which concept in moral philosophy?
A) Right
B) Virtue
C) Happiness
D) Duty
- 11. What historical period does MacIntyre reference as a turning point for virtue ethics?
A) The Middle Ages.
B) The Enlightenment.
C) The Industrial Revolution.
D) The Renaissance.
- 12. What is the significance of 'the philosopher as a moral agent' in MacIntyre's argument?
A) Philosophers must uphold scientific objectivity
B) Philosophers should remain detached from society
C) Philosophers must engage with practical moral traditions
D) Philosophers are always subjective
- 13. What does MacIntyre argue about modern identity?
A) It should focus on individualism
B) It is firmly established and stable
C) It is primarily defined by economic status
D) It is often fragmented and incoherent
- 14. MacIntyre critiques which ethical theory for its focus on consequences?
A) Utilitarianism.
B) Virtue ethics.
C) Deontology.
D) Natural law theory.
- 15. In MacIntyre's view, what role does tradition play in ethics?
A) It promotes hierarchy
B) It provides a context for moral knowledge
C) It is irrelevant in modern ethics
D) It limits moral creativity
- 16. What does MacIntyre believe about the relationship between virtue and goods?
A) Virtues are irrelevant to goods.
B) Virtues are integral to achieving internal goods.
C) Virtue and goods are oppositional.
D) Goods are only external rewards.
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