Constitution of the Roman Republic

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1. Which social class in the Roman Republic held the most political power?

A) Slaves
B) Plebeians
C) Equestrians
D) Patricians

2. Who were the two elected officials of the Roman Republic who jointly ruled the state?

A) Censors
B) Aediles
C) Tribunes
D) Consuls

3. What was the term for the event where a Roman general would assume temporary control during times of crisis?

A) Dictatorship
B) Republic
C) Tyranny
D) Monarchy

4. Which famous military general declared himself dictator in 49 BC and effectively ended the Roman Republic?

A) Mark Antony
B) Scipio Africanus
C) Julius Caesar
D) Pompey

5. What was the name of the Roman official responsible for conducting the census, managing public finances, and supervising public morals?

A) Tribune
B) Consul
C) Praetor
D) Censor

6. Which event marked the official end of the Roman Republic and the beginning of the Roman Empire?

A) Battle of Actium
B) Sack of Rome by the Visigoths
C) Assassination of Julius Caesar
D) Punic Wars

7. What was the term for the group of 300 men appointed to advise the consuls in the Roman Republic?

A) Sibylline Books
B) Council of the Plebs
C) Senate
D) Curia Hostilia

8. Who were the magistrates in charge of maintaining public order and overseeing games and festivals in ancient Rome?

A) Aediles
B) Quaestors
C) Dictators
D) Censors

9. What was the name of the body of magistrates that oversaw judicial matters in the Roman Republic?

A) Censors
B) Praetors
C) Quaestors
D) Aediles

10. What was the name of the group of judges in ancient Rome who heard court cases and passed judgments?

A) Centurions
B) Praetorian Guard
C) Quaestors
D) Centumviri

11. What powers did the magistrates hold in the Roman Republic?

A) They had no influence over the Assemblies.
B) They could only preside over assemblies without other powers.
C) They exercised religious, military, and judicial powers.
D) They were solely responsible for declaring war.

12. What was a significant outcome of the Conflict of the Orders?

A) Plebeian citizens gained equal political rights.
B) The Senate became the sole governing body.
C) Patricians lost all political power.
D) Tribunes were abolished.

13. How did the Roman Republic's constitution evolve from its origins?

A) It was codified into a single written document early on.
B) It remained unchanged since the Roman Kingdom.
C) The Senate became the only governing body.
D) It evolved substantively and significantly over almost five hundred years.

14. What role did the plebeian assembly play in the Roman Republic?

A) It had full legislative authority.
B) It served as an advisory council to the Senate.
C) It had no significant role or power.
D) It was responsible for electing magistrates.

15. What was a consequence of the increasing centralization of authority in the late Roman Republic?

A) The Senate gained unprecedented power over the Assemblies.
B) It put the republic on a path to civil war.
C) Magistrates were no longer able to veto each other.
D) Plebeians lost their political rights.

16. How did Roman assemblies make decisions?

A) By consensus after lengthy deliberations.
B) Decisions were made by drawing lots.
C) Through open debates and discussions among assembly members.
D) After hearing speakers, the presiding officer could call for a direct up or down vote.

17. How were the comitia different from the contio?

A) The comitia and contio served identical purposes.
B) The comitia were formal gatherings where legal actions were taken, while the contio was an unofficial forum with no legal decisions made.
C) Both were informal gatherings for public announcements.
D) Both were formal assemblies for enacting laws.

18. In which year were fourteen rural tribes added to the Roman tribal assembly?

A) 471 BC
B) 241 BC
C) 287 BC
D) 495 BC

19. What was one of the main responsibilities of the censors?

A) Judging criminal cases
B) Appointing consuls
C) Conducting the census
D) Leading military campaigns

20. Who assassinated Caesar, preventing any plans he might have had from being enacted?

A) The liberatores
B) Pompey's supporters
C) Antony and Octavian
D) Roman citizens

21. What was a common method to end debates in the senate?

A) Debates were never ended prematurely.
B) Immediate approval of all proposals.
C) A vote by acclamation.
D) A filibuster by talking until nightfall.

22. Under whose presidency did the comitia calata meet for religious purposes?

A) The consul.
B) The praetor.
C) The pontifex maximus.
D) The censor.

23. What is there no basis to believe Caesar planned for regarding the republican system?

A) Reduction of military power
B) Expansion of territories
C) Complete abolition
D) Sweeping reform

24. What was a key feature of the Roman Republic's early tribunes?

A) Their number at this early time is unclear
B) They levied taxes
C) They declared war on enemies
D) There were exactly ten tribunes

25. What was the primary purpose of Roman assemblies in legislative matters during the middle republic?

A) Representing foreign interests.
B) Serving as a legitimizing symbol rather than a deliberative body.
C) Actively debating and rejecting bills.
D) Drafting new legislation independently.

26. Which law allowed plebiscites to apply to all Romans?

A) Lex Caecilia Didia
B) Plebiscitum Ovinium
C) Lex Hortensia
D) Senatus consultum ultimum

27. How was deference to the senate ingrained in Roman Republic society?

A) By military enforcement
B) Through aristocratic social norms
C) Through popular votes
D) Via religious rituals

28. What was the term length for a consul in the Roman Republic?

A) One year
B) Ten years
C) Two years
D) Five years

29. Who was elected by patrician members of the senate for a term of five days?

A) Quaestor
B) Interrex
C) Dictator
D) Aedile

30. What power did tribunes have to protect individuals from injustice?

A) Auxilium
B) Auctoritas
C) Imperium
D) Intercessio

31. How many voting blocs were there in the centuriate assembly?

A) 193 voting blocs.
B) 300 voting blocs.
C) 50 voting blocs.
D) 100 voting blocs.

32. Who was responsible for coining money in the Roman Republic?

A) Aediles
B) Dictators
C) Vigintisexviri
D) Quaestors

33. Which power did consuls have that allowed them to consult the gods for the people?

A) The auspices
B) Cursus honorum
C) Imperium
D) Prorogation

34. What was a significant influence of late Republican praetors?

A) Civic infrastructure
B) Military strategy
C) Roman law
D) Religious festivals

35. What was one of the consuls' responsibilities during domestic affairs in the Roman Republic?

A) Administering justice
B) Leading separate consular armies
C) Introducing legislation
D) Holding the annual feriae Latinae (a spring festival)

36. How many praetors were there by Sulla's time?

A) Eight
B) Four
C) Two
D) Six

37. What was a primary duty of censors besides conducting the census?

A) Assessing public morality
B) Conducting trials
C) Leading military operations
D) Appointing tribunes

38. What was the term used to describe the inviolability of tribunes?

A) Imperium
B) Sacrosanct
C) Potestas
D) Auctoritas

39. Who argued against the idea that long commands were a rejection of republican principles?

A) Pompey
B) Antony
C) Erich Gruen
D) Julius Caesar

40. Who represented the curiae in the curiate assembly during the middle republic?

A) The Senate.
B) A council of elders.
C) Military tribunes.
D) Thirty lictors.

41. What was the main responsibility of praetors later in the Roman Republic?

A) Holding religious festivals
B) Administering justice
C) Introducing legislation
D) Commanding armies

42. Which magistrate was appointed by consuls to resolve urgent issues?

A) Dictator
B) Quaestor
C) Aedile
D) Magister equitum

43. What marked Rome's path away from a state without domination by a single man?

A) The establishment of the Senate
B) The emperor Tiberius' successful accession in AD 14
C) The creation of the triumvirate
D) Caesar's assassination

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