- 1. Philosophical traditions and schools refer to the diverse theories, methods, and ideas that have emerged throughout history to explore deep questions about existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. These traditions encompass a wide range of perspectives, such as metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, aesthetics, logic, and more. From ancient Greek philosophy to Eastern philosophical traditions like Confucianism and Buddhism, each school offers unique insights and approaches to understanding the nature of reality and human experience. Philosophical traditions continue to evolve and influence contemporary thought, shaping our understanding of the world and our place within it.
Who is considered the father of Western philosophy?
A) Heraclitus
B) Plato
C) Aristotle
D) Socrates
- 2. Which philosopher is known for the concept of the 'categorical imperative'?
A) Immanuel Kant
B) John Locke
C) Jean-Jacques Rousseau
D) David Hume
- 3. 'Cogito, ergo sum' ('I think, therefore I am') is a famous quote by which philosopher?
A) René Descartes
B) Baruch Spinoza
C) Jean-Paul Sartre
D) Friedrich Nietzsche
- 4. Who wrote 'Utilitarianism' and advocated for the greatest happiness principle?
A) Jeremy Bentham
B) Thomas Hobbes
C) John Stuart Mill
D) Mary Wollstonecraft
- 5. Which ancient Greek philosopher founded the Academy in Athens?
A) Socrates
B) Plato
C) Aristotle
D) Diogenes
- 6. Hindu philosophical system which emphasizes moral conduct and selfless action is called:
A) Raja Yoga
B) Bhakti Yoga
C) Jnana Yoga
D) Karma Yoga
- 7. Who is known for the concept of 'Overman' or 'Superman' in philosophy?
A) Friedrich Nietzsche
B) Martin Heidegger
C) Jean-Paul Sartre
D) Søren Kierkegaard
- 8. Which ancient Chinese philosopher emphasized virtue and the 'Mandate of Heaven'?
A) Lao Tzu
B) Sun Tzu
C) Confucius
D) Mencius
- 9. Who is associated with the concept of 'tabula rasa' or blank slate in philosophy?
A) John Locke
B) Bertrand Russell
C) Thomas Aquinas
D) Francis Bacon
- 10. German philosopher who proposed the dialectical method and theory of historical materialism:
A) Karl Marx
B) Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
C) Jean-Paul Sartre
D) Friedrich Engels
- 11. Who wrote 'Being and Time' and is known for existentialist philosophy?
A) Martin Heidegger
B) Friedrich Nietzsche
C) Søren Kierkegaard
D) Jean-Paul Sartre
- 12. Indian philosopher who founded the Vedanta school of Vedantic philosophy:
A) Dnyaneshwar
B) Madhva
C) Adi Shankara
D) Ramanuja
- 13. Who is known for the concept of 'anatta' (non-self) in Buddhist philosophy?
A) Dogen Zenji
B) Thich Nhat Hanh
C) Gautama Buddha
D) Dalai Lama
- 14. The Stoic school of philosophy was founded by:
A) Marcus Aurelius
B) Zeno of Citium
C) Epictetus
D) Seneca the Younger
- 15. The concept of 'the veil of ignorance' is associated with which philosopher?
A) Thomas Hobbes
B) Michel Foucault
C) John Rawls
D) Jean-Jacques Rousseau
- 16. Russian philosopher and novelist known for his magnum opus 'War and Peace':
A) Fyodor Dostoevsky
B) Leo Tolstoy
C) Vladimir Nabokov
D) Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
- 17. Who is the founder of the philosophy of pragmatism, which emphasizes the practical consequences of beliefs and the importance of experience?
A) Simone de Beauvoir
B) Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
C) William James
D) Martin Heidegger
- 18. David Hume is associated with which philosophical theory concerning the nature of knowledge?
A) Rationalism
B) Empiricism
C) Existentialism
D) Pragmatism
- 19. British empiricist philosopher known for his work 'An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding':
A) John Locke
B) David Hume
C) Bertrand Russell
D) Immanuel Kant
- 20. Who developed the philosophy of 'Aesthetic Realism', which sees reality as a oneness of opposites?
A) Arthur Schopenhauer
B) Jean-Paul Sartre
C) Martin Heidegger
D) Eli Siegel
- 21. Which school of thought emphasizes the importance of living in accordance with nature and reason?
A) Epicureanism
B) Cynicism
C) Stoicism
D) Existentialism
- 22. Which ancient Chinese text is attributed to Laozi?
A) I Ching
B) Tao Te Ching
C) Analects
D) Zhuangzi
- 23. Who is known for his principle of utility, which states that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness and wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness?
A) John Locke
B) Bertrand Russell
C) Jean-Paul Sartre
D) Jeremy Bentham
- 24. Which school of thought argues that 'existence precedes essence'?
A) Empiricism
B) Rationalism
C) Existentialism
D) Absurdism
- 25. Which philosopher is known for his work 'The Second Sex'?
A) Hannah Arendt.
B) Judith Butler.
C) Mary Wollstonecraft.
D) Simone de Beauvoir.
- 26. Bertrand Russell co-authored 'Principia Mathematica' with which philosopher?
A) A.J. Ayer
B) Ludwig Wittgenstein
C) Gottlob Frege
D) Alfred North Whitehead
- 27. Who is the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst?
A) Sigmund Freud
B) Carl Jung
C) Albert Camus
D) Michel Foucault
- 28. Which ancient Greek philosopher is known for the idea that 'man is the measure of all things'?
A) Aristotle
B) Socrates
C) Plato
D) Protagoras
- 29. Which ethical theory emphasizes the importance of fulfilling one's duty and following moral rules?
A) Consequentialism
B) Utilitarianism
C) Virtue ethics
D) Deontology
- 30. Which philosophical tradition emphasizes the study of ethics and ethical behavior?
A) Logical positivism
B) Virtue ethics
C) Nihilism
D) Existentialism
- 31. Which school of thought focuses on the liberation of the mind through meditation and mindfulness?
A) Taoism
B) Buddhism
C) Judaism
D) Hinduism
- 32. Which philosophical tradition emphasizes the study of knowledge, justification, and the rationality of belief?
A) Epistemology
B) Ethics
C) Metaphysics
D) Aesthetics
- 33. Who is known for the concept of 'The Social Contract'?
A) Immanuel Kant.
B) John Locke.
C) Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
D) Thomas Hobbes.
- 34. The concept of 'the absurd' is associated with which existentialist philosopher?
A) Jean-Paul Sartre
B) Søren Kierkegaard
C) Albert Camus
D) Martin Heidegger
- 35. Which school of thought emphasizes the role of reason and rationality in understanding the world?
A) Rationalism
B) Existentialism
C) Empiricism
D) Pragmatism
- 36. French philosopher known for his theories on postmodernism and power relations:
A) Jean-François Lyotard
B) Michel Foucault
C) Simone de Beauvoir
D) Jacques Derrida
- 37. Who is known for the concept of 'the invisible hand' in economics?
A) Friedrich Hayek
B) Karl Marx
C) Adam Smith
D) John Maynard Keynes
- 38. Ancient Greek philosopher known for his teachings on logic and the syllogism:
A) Socrates
B) Plato
C) Pythagoras
D) Aristotle
- 39. Who is known for the philosophy of 'Vedanta' and is the founder of the Ramakrishna Mission?
A) Sri Aurobindo
B) Ramana Maharshi
C) Paramahansa Yogananda
D) Swami Vivekananda
- 40. French philosopher known for his work 'Society of the Spectacle' and theory of the spectacle society:
A) Michel Foucault
B) Guy Debord
C) Jean Baudrillard
D) Jacques Derrida
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