- 1. Philosophical traditions and schools refer to the diverse theories, methods, and ideas that have emerged throughout history to explore deep questions about existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. These traditions encompass a wide range of perspectives, such as metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, aesthetics, logic, and more. From ancient Greek philosophy to Eastern philosophical traditions like Confucianism and Buddhism, each school offers unique insights and approaches to understanding the nature of reality and human experience. Philosophical traditions continue to evolve and influence contemporary thought, shaping our understanding of the world and our place within it.
Who is considered the father of Western philosophy?
A) Plato
B) Socrates
C) Aristotle
D) Heraclitus
- 2. Which philosopher is known for the concept of the 'categorical imperative'?
A) David Hume
B) Jean-Jacques Rousseau
C) Immanuel Kant
D) John Locke
- 3. 'Cogito, ergo sum' ('I think, therefore I am') is a famous quote by which philosopher?
A) Baruch Spinoza
B) Jean-Paul Sartre
C) René Descartes
D) Friedrich Nietzsche
- 4. Who wrote 'Utilitarianism' and advocated for the greatest happiness principle?
A) John Stuart Mill
B) Mary Wollstonecraft
C) Jeremy Bentham
D) Thomas Hobbes
- 5. Which ancient Greek philosopher founded the Academy in Athens?
A) Aristotle
B) Socrates
C) Diogenes
D) Plato
- 6. Hindu philosophical system which emphasizes moral conduct and selfless action is called:
A) Jnana Yoga
B) Raja Yoga
C) Bhakti Yoga
D) Karma Yoga
- 7. Who is known for the concept of 'Overman' or 'Superman' in philosophy?
A) Friedrich Nietzsche
B) Jean-Paul Sartre
C) Martin Heidegger
D) Søren Kierkegaard
- 8. Which ancient Chinese philosopher emphasized virtue and the 'Mandate of Heaven'?
A) Confucius
B) Mencius
C) Lao Tzu
D) Sun Tzu
- 9. Who is associated with the concept of 'tabula rasa' or blank slate in philosophy?
A) Bertrand Russell
B) John Locke
C) Thomas Aquinas
D) Francis Bacon
- 10. German philosopher who proposed the dialectical method and theory of historical materialism:
A) Karl Marx
B) Jean-Paul Sartre
C) Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
D) Friedrich Engels
- 11. Who wrote 'Being and Time' and is known for existentialist philosophy?
A) Martin Heidegger
B) Søren Kierkegaard
C) Friedrich Nietzsche
D) Jean-Paul Sartre
- 12. Indian philosopher who founded the Vedanta school of Vedantic philosophy:
A) Ramanuja
B) Dnyaneshwar
C) Madhva
D) Adi Shankara
- 13. Who is known for the concept of 'anatta' (non-self) in Buddhist philosophy?
A) Thich Nhat Hanh
B) Dogen Zenji
C) Gautama Buddha
D) Dalai Lama
- 14. The Stoic school of philosophy was founded by:
A) Seneca the Younger
B) Marcus Aurelius
C) Zeno of Citium
D) Epictetus
- 15. The concept of 'the veil of ignorance' is associated with which philosopher?
A) John Rawls
B) Jean-Jacques Rousseau
C) Michel Foucault
D) Thomas Hobbes
- 16. Russian philosopher and novelist known for his magnum opus 'War and Peace':
A) Fyodor Dostoevsky
B) Vladimir Nabokov
C) Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
D) Leo Tolstoy
- 17. Who is the founder of the philosophy of pragmatism, which emphasizes the practical consequences of beliefs and the importance of experience?
A) William James
B) Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
C) Martin Heidegger
D) Simone de Beauvoir
- 18. David Hume is associated with which philosophical theory concerning the nature of knowledge?
A) Pragmatism
B) Rationalism
C) Existentialism
D) Empiricism
- 19. British empiricist philosopher known for his work 'An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding':
A) John Locke
B) Immanuel Kant
C) David Hume
D) Bertrand Russell
- 20. Who developed the philosophy of 'Aesthetic Realism', which sees reality as a oneness of opposites?
A) Eli Siegel
B) Arthur Schopenhauer
C) Jean-Paul Sartre
D) Martin Heidegger
- 21. Which school of thought emphasizes the importance of living in accordance with nature and reason?
A) Cynicism
B) Existentialism
C) Stoicism
D) Epicureanism
- 22. Which ancient Chinese text is attributed to Laozi?
A) Analects
B) I Ching
C) Tao Te Ching
D) Zhuangzi
- 23. Who is known for his principle of utility, which states that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness and wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness?
A) Jean-Paul Sartre
B) Jeremy Bentham
C) Bertrand Russell
D) John Locke
- 24. Which school of thought argues that 'existence precedes essence'?
A) Absurdism
B) Existentialism
C) Rationalism
D) Empiricism
- 25. Which philosopher is known for his work 'The Second Sex'?
A) Hannah Arendt.
B) Judith Butler.
C) Mary Wollstonecraft.
D) Simone de Beauvoir.
- 26. Bertrand Russell co-authored 'Principia Mathematica' with which philosopher?
A) Gottlob Frege
B) A.J. Ayer
C) Ludwig Wittgenstein
D) Alfred North Whitehead
- 27. Who is the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst?
A) Sigmund Freud
B) Albert Camus
C) Carl Jung
D) Michel Foucault
- 28. Which ancient Greek philosopher is known for the idea that 'man is the measure of all things'?
A) Protagoras
B) Plato
C) Socrates
D) Aristotle
- 29. Which ethical theory emphasizes the importance of fulfilling one's duty and following moral rules?
A) Utilitarianism
B) Deontology
C) Virtue ethics
D) Consequentialism
- 30. Which philosophical tradition emphasizes the study of ethics and ethical behavior?
A) Virtue ethics
B) Nihilism
C) Logical positivism
D) Existentialism
- 31. Which school of thought focuses on the liberation of the mind through meditation and mindfulness?
A) Hinduism
B) Buddhism
C) Taoism
D) Judaism
- 32. Which philosophical tradition emphasizes the study of knowledge, justification, and the rationality of belief?
A) Ethics
B) Epistemology
C) Aesthetics
D) Metaphysics
- 33. Who is known for the concept of 'The Social Contract'?
A) Thomas Hobbes.
B) Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
C) John Locke.
D) Immanuel Kant.
- 34. The concept of 'the absurd' is associated with which existentialist philosopher?
A) Jean-Paul Sartre
B) Martin Heidegger
C) Søren Kierkegaard
D) Albert Camus
- 35. Which school of thought emphasizes the role of reason and rationality in understanding the world?
A) Existentialism
B) Rationalism
C) Pragmatism
D) Empiricism
- 36. French philosopher known for his theories on postmodernism and power relations:
A) Jean-François Lyotard
B) Michel Foucault
C) Simone de Beauvoir
D) Jacques Derrida
- 37. Who is known for the concept of 'the invisible hand' in economics?
A) Adam Smith
B) John Maynard Keynes
C) Karl Marx
D) Friedrich Hayek
- 38. Ancient Greek philosopher known for his teachings on logic and the syllogism:
A) Pythagoras
B) Socrates
C) Aristotle
D) Plato
- 39. Who is known for the philosophy of 'Vedanta' and is the founder of the Ramakrishna Mission?
A) Sri Aurobindo
B) Paramahansa Yogananda
C) Swami Vivekananda
D) Ramana Maharshi
- 40. French philosopher known for his work 'Society of the Spectacle' and theory of the spectacle society:
A) Jacques Derrida
B) Guy Debord
C) Michel Foucault
D) Jean Baudrillard
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