A) Nondisjunction B) Aneuploidy C) Disjunction D) Segregation
A) Only meiosis I B) Only mitosis C) Only meiosis II D) Meiosis I, meiosis II, or mitosis
A) Patau syndrome B) Turner syndrome C) Down syndrome D) Edwards syndrome
A) XYY B) XXX C) XXY D) X0
A) Presumed loss of cohesin over time B) Reduced temperature C) Decrease in cytoplasm volume D) Increased metabolic rate
A) Natriuretic peptide type C (NPPC) B) Luteinizing hormone C) Cyclin B D) Cdc25B
A) Cyclin B B) Phosphodiesterase 3A (PDE3A) C) Adenylyl cyclase D) Protein kinase A (PKA)
A) Induces meiotic arrest B) Activates PDE3A C) Increases cAMP levels D) Spurs oocyte maturation
A) Spo11 B) Sae2 C) Exo1 D) Mre11
A) Represses IME1 B) Activates Cdc25 C) Major meiotic regulator D) Inhibits APC/C
A) WEE2 B) Cdc25B C) Anaphase-promoting complex (APC) D) PKA
A) Edwards syndrome B) Down syndrome C) Klinefelter syndrome D) Jacobs syndrome
A) Double Holliday junction (dHJ) pathway B) Synthesis-dependent strand annealing (SDSA) C) Ubiquitin-dependent pathway D) CSF pathway
A) Trisomy of chromosome 21 B) Trisomy of chromosome 13 C) Trisomy of chromosome 18 D) Monosomy of X chromosome
A) Stabilize gap junctions B) Promote NPPC production C) Increase cGMP transport D) Reduce cGMP transport
A) Humans and primates B) Parabasalids and oxymonads C) Wood-feeding cockroaches D) Yeast and mice
A) Homo sapiens B) Mus musculus C) Saccharomyces cerevisiae D) Cryptocercus
A) 1 B) 23 C) 10 D) 46
A) 1.6-fold B) 3-fold C) 1.2-fold D) 2-fold
A) At the nucleolus B) At the centromeres C) At the telomeres D) At the mid-point of the chromosome
A) At the centromeres B) At the kinetochores C) At the heterochromatin D) At the telomeres
A) 100% B) 10% C) 1% D) 0.1%
A) 100,000 bp B) 1 million bp C) 10 million bp D) 1,000 bp
A) Fewer than 50 B) Exactly 100 C) At least 200 D) Exactly 23
A) 10 times B) 27 times C) 200 times D) 42 times
A) 27 times B) 15 times C) 42 times D) 50 times
A) 1–2% B) 50–100% C) 5–30% D) 90–100%
A) 1–2 B) 5–10 C) 20–30 D) 100–200
A) They lengthen B) They stabilize C) They disappear D) They shorten
A) It is protected B) It is doubled C) It is synthesized D) It is degraded
A) Only in plant cells B) No C) Yes, once D) Yes, twice
A) Diploid B) Triploid C) Tetraploid D) Haploid
A) Two B) Six C) Four D) Eight
A) Rotated by 90 degrees B) Identical C) Rotated by 180 degrees D) Parallel
A) They condense B) They replicate C) They segregate D) They fuse
A) Tetrads B) Centrosomes C) Homologous pairs D) Sister chromosomes
A) Two daughter cells B) DNA replication C) Four daughter cells D) One diploid cell
A) Centrosomes B) Nuclear envelopes C) Spindle fibers D) Cytoplasmic bridges
A) They shorten B) They dissolve C) They lengthen D) They replicate
A) It doubles B) It reforms C) It grows D) It disappears
A) Two poles B) Crossing over C) Moving through D) Sister separation
A) Diakinesis B) Metaphase I C) Anaphase I D) Prometaphase
A) Centrosomes B) Chiasmata C) Cohesin complexes D) Nuclear membrane
A) Nucleoli disappear B) Independent assortment finishes C) Bipolar attachments dissolve D) Cohesin is cleaved
A) Chromosomes B) Microtubules C) Kinetochores D) Centrosomes
A) Over 200 B) Approximately 80 C) About 40 D) Exactly 2
A) Spherical B) Linear C) Barrel shaped D) Circular
A) A centrosome B) A nuclear envelope C) A kinetochore plate D) An aster
A) Equatorial attachment B) Bipolar attachment C) Unipolar attachment D) Chiasmata attachment
A) Vesicle fusion B) Tension C) Centrosome alignment D) Nucleolar reformation
A) Edouard Van Beneden B) August Weismann C) Thomas Hunt Morgan D) Oscar Hertwig
A) 1876 B) 1883 C) 1890 D) 1911
A) Oscar Hertwig B) Thomas Hunt Morgan C) August Weismann D) J.B. Farmer
A) Sea urchin B) Drosophila melanogaster C) Bacteria D) Ascaris roundworm
A) German B) Greek C) Latin D) French
A) Division B) Lessening C) Replication D) Doubling
A) Flemming B) August Weismann C) Thomas Hunt Morgan D) Koernicke
A) S phase B) Prophase I C) G1 phase D) G2 phase
A) Nucleus B) Centromere C) Chromosome D) Ribosome
A) G2 phase B) Prophase C) S phase D) G1 phase
A) Interkinesis B) Prophase I C) Telophase I D) G2 phase
A) Gamete B) Zygote C) Diploid D) Haploid
A) Sister chromatids B) Homologs C) Polar bodies D) Spindles
A) Sister chromatids B) Spindle apparatus C) Binary fission D) Crossovers
A) Four B) Two C) One D) None
A) Gametes B) Ovum C) Polar bodies D) Spores
A) Archaea B) Bacteria C) Fungi D) Bdelloid rotifers
A) Spore formation B) Meiosis C) Parthenogenesis D) Binary fission
A) Mitosis B) Meiosis C) Binary fission D) Horizontal gene transfer
A) Replacing damaged tissue B) Increasing the number of diploid cells C) Producing gametes D) Creating identical somatic cells
A) Polar body B) Zygote C) Sperm cell D) Ova
A) S-phase duplication B) Sister chromatid cohesion C) Aneuploidy D) Excessive recombination
A) Homologous recombination B) Chromosome deletion C) Sister chromatid synthesis D) Mitotic division
A) Chromatin B) Tetrads C) Diploids D) Haploids
A) Tetrad B) Homologous pair C) Sister chromatid D) Haploid cell
A) Thin threads B) Double threads C) Paired threads D) Thick threads
A) ~800 nm B) ~400 nm C) ~200 nm D) ~100 nm
A) Leptonema B) Diplonema C) Pachynema D) Zygonema
A) Recombination B) Synapsis C) Crossing over D) Gene conversion
A) ~400 nm B) ~100 nm C) ~1000 nm D) ~50 nm
A) Paired threads B) Thick threads C) Separated threads D) Thin threads
A) Zygotene B) Pachytene C) Diplotene D) Leptotene
A) Dictyotene B) Leptonema C) Zygonema D) Pachynema
A) Viral organisms B) Eukaryotic organisms C) Prokaryotic organisms D) Bacterial organisms
A) As viral pathogens B) As multicellular C) As asexual D) As exclusively sexual
A) Binary fission only B) Facultative sex C) Obligate asexual reproduction D) No genetic exchange
A) Homo sapiens B) Volvox carteri C) Schizosaccharomyces pombe D) Bombyx mori
A) Preventing mutation B) Accelerating cell division C) Increasing chromosome number D) Repairing DNA damage
A) Point mutations B) Chromosomal deletions C) Double-strand breaks D) Base pair substitutions
A) Heat shock B) Antioxidants C) Hydrogen peroxide D) Synaptonemal complexes
A) Antioxidants B) Hydrogen peroxide C) Heat shock D) Recombinational enzymes
A) Synaptonemal B) Dictyate C) Achiasmate D) Redundant
A) Haplontic B) Diplontic C) Haplodiplontic D) Sporic
A) During gamete formation B) During the mitotic phase C) Post-zygotic D) Pre-gametic
A) Spermatozoa B) Spores C) Ova D) Zygotes
A) Spermatogonia B) Oocytes C) Follicle cells D) Germinal vesicles
A) Polar body B) Spindle C) Somatic shell D) Germinal vesicle
A) Nanos B) DAZL C) Retinoic acid D) FSH
A) Folliculogenesis B) Spermatogenesis C) Atresia D) Dictyate stage
A) Germinal vesicle B) Primitive kidney C) Anterior pituitary D) Seminiferous tubules |