A) 1925 B) 1926 C) 1928 D) 1927
A) George Gamow B) Leonid Mandelstam C) Friedrich Hund D) Erwin Schrödinger
A) An infinite potential well B) A double-well potential C) A semiconductor diode D) A single-well potential
A) Lothar Nordheim B) Ralph Fowler C) Leonid Mandelstam D) Yakov Frenkel
A) J. Robert Oppenheimer B) Ralph Fowler C) Brian Josephson D) Walter Schottky
A) Thermionic emission and reflection of electrons from metals B) Superconducting energy gaps C) Scanning tunnelling microscopy D) Alpha decay half-lives
A) 100% B) 0% C) 50% D) Variable
A) 1931 B) 1926 C) 1927 D) 1928
A) Field emission B) Alpha decay C) Superconductivity D) Thermionic emission
A) Lothar Nordheim and Ralph Fowler B) Friedrich Hund and Leonid Mandelstam C) Leo Esaki and Ivar Giaever D) George Gamow, Ronald Gurney, and Edward Condon
A) Between temperature and electrical resistance B) Between the half-life of the particle and the energy of emission C) Between barrier width and current voltage D) Between magnetic field and superconductivity
A) Tunneleffekt B) Wellenmechanischer Tunneleffekt C) Tunnelierung D) Quantenbarriere
A) Walter Schottky B) George Gamow C) Lothar Nordheim D) Yakov Frenkel
A) Penetration of, or leaking through, a barrier B) Wave-particle duality C) Atomic imaging D) Reflection of electrons from metals
A) Brian Josephson B) Gerd Binnig C) Ivar Giaever D) Leo Esaki
A) A scanning tunnelling microscope B) A diode C) A superconductor circuit D) A thermionic emitter
A) Brian Josephson B) Heinrich Rohrer C) Leo Esaki D) Ivar Giaever
A) Macroscopic quantum states B) Atomic resolution images C) The superconducting energy gap D) The half-life of alpha particles
A) Brian Josephson B) Ivar Giaever C) John Clarke D) Leo Esaki
A) Clarke, Martinis, and Devoret B) Gamow, Gurney, and Condon C) Esaki, Giaever, and Josephson D) Binnig, Rohrer, and Esaki
A) Friedrich Hund and Walter Schottky B) Leo Esaki and Ivar Giaever C) John Clarke and John M. Martinis D) Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer
A) Detecting alpha decay half-lives B) Observing macroscopic quantum circuits C) Imaging surfaces at the atomic level D) Measuring semiconductor diode resistance
A) 1973 B) 1986 C) 2025 D) 1981
A) George Gamow, Ronald Gurney, and Edward Condon B) Gerd Binnig, Heinrich Rohrer, and Brian Josephson C) Leo Esaki, Ivar Giaever, and Lothar Nordheim D) John Clarke, John M. Martinis, and Michel H. Devoret
A) 1981 and 1986 B) 1957 and 1960 C) 1927 and 1928 D) 1984 and 1985
A) Two superconductors separated by a thin non-conducting layer of material B) A double-well potential and an electron emitter C) Two semiconductor diodes separated by a nanometre barrier D) A scanning tip and an atomic surface
A) Individually with a 100% reflection probability B) As classical electrons with random thermal motion C) As separate Cooper pairs with independent tunnelling rates D) In unison, as if a single particle filling the entire circuit
A) Energy gaps B) Magnetic fields C) Charged particles D) Electrical resistance
A) Ronald Gurney B) Lothar Nordheim C) George Gamow D) Edward Condon
A) Erwin Schrödinger B) Walter Schottky C) Friedrich Hund D) J. Robert Oppenheimer
A) Magnetic attraction B) Quantum indeterminacy C) Classical relativity D) Thermal radiation
A) Newton's second law B) Schrödinger equation C) Einstein's field equation D) Maxwell's equations
A) It remains constant B) It fluctuates randomly C) It decreases exponentially D) It increases linearly
A) High-density particles B) Charged macroscopic objects C) Neutral heavy elements D) Low-mass particles
A) Photons B) Atoms C) Neutron stars D) Molecules of water
A) Vacuum tubes B) Copper wiring C) Resistors D) Flash memory
A) Scanning tunnelling microscope B) Electron transmission microscope C) Atomic force microscope D) Light phase-contrast microscope
A) Mechanical friction B) Thermal expansion C) Tunnelling D) Optical diffraction
A) Thinner than about 1 nm B) Around 1 millimeter C) Thicker than 10 nm D) Exactly 5 micrometers
A) Late 19th century B) Early 20th century C) Early 21st century D) Mid-19th century
A) The 21st century B) Mid-century C) Early 20th century D) Late 20th century
A) Classical mechanics B) Thermodynamics C) Quantum mechanics D) Acoustics
A) A car driving through a tunnel B) A wave crashing on a shore C) A ball trying to roll over a hill D) A pendulum swinging in a vacuum
A) It tunnels through the hill B) It stops and floats C) It rolls back down D) It teleports to the other side
A) Particle annihilation B) Tunnelling effect C) Wave collapse D) Quantum entanglement
A) The potential barrier B) The Schrödinger equation C) The WKB approximation D) The wave function
A) Optical prisms B) Rectangular barriers C) Most complex problems D) Semiclassical barriers
A) Visual animations B) Critical angle calculations C) Exact analytical formulas D) Numerical solutions
A) Algebraic formulations B) Total internal reflection C) Single photon counting D) Semiclassical methods
A) Macroscopic thermodynamic equilibrium B) Only subatomic particle decay C) Macroscopic gravitational waves D) Important macroscopic physical phenomena
A) Perfect electrical insulation B) Increased signal speed C) Current leakage D) Enhanced magnetic shielding
A) How long their battery life lasts B) How small they can be made C) How fast their clock speed runs D) How high their operating voltage can be
A) Increasing depletion layer thickness B) Programming floating gates C) Cooling semiconductor junctions D) Enhancing thermionic emission
A) Incandescent light bulbs B) Magnetic compasses C) Standard alkaline batteries D) Some electron microscopes
A) The standard relay switch B) The multijunction solar cell C) The incandescent light bulb D) The cathode ray tube
A) When they are heavily doped B) When they are cooled to absolute zero C) When a magnetic field is applied D) When the barrier thickness exceeds 3 nm
A) When the temperature is raised significantly B) When a large reverse bias is applied C) When a small forward bias is applied D) When no voltage bias is present
A) High speed devices B) Low frequency audio amplifiers C) Long-range radio transmitters D) High power heating elements
A) Open wire state B) Superconducting state C) Reverse bias D) Cold emission state
A) Like an exponential current leakage B) Like an open wire C) Like a thermionic emission D) Like a blocked insulator
A) Drude-Lorentz model B) Standard model C) Drude-Binnig model D) Bohr model
A) Mass B) Time C) Temperature D) Distance
A) Piezoelectric rods B) Thermal expansion wires C) Hydraulic micro-pistons D) Magnetic levitation springs
A) Photosynthesis B) Enzymatic catalysis C) Proton decay D) Radioactive decay
A) Nuclear fusion B) Electron capture C) Proton decay D) Neutron scattering
A) Formaldehyde with water ice B) Oxygen ions with free electrons C) Hydrogen ions with hydrogen molecules D) Deuterium with helium nuclei
A) Tritium B) Helium-3 C) Carbon-14 D) Deuterium
A) Event horizon temperatures B) Wave function amplitudes C) Coulomb barrier heights D) Zero-point vibrational energies
A) Erwin Schrödinger B) R. P. Bell C) Albert Einstein D) Per-Olov Lowdin
A) Water ice B) Formaldehyde C) Deuterium hydride D) Molecular hydrogen
A) Proton decay B) Enzymatic catalysis C) Cellular division D) Spontaneous DNA mutation
A) Enzymatic catalysis B) Cellular respiration C) Photosynthesis D) Spontaneous DNA mutation
A) A van der Waals interaction B) A covalent peptide bond C) An ionic salt bridge D) A hydrogen bond
A) Tunnel into the shallower well B) Escape the DNA molecule completely C) Absorb a photon from interstellar clouds D) Tunnel into the deepest core of the nucleus
A) Evanescent coupling B) Electron capture C) A tautomeric transition D) An isotopic substitution
A) R. P. Bell B) Erwin Schrödinger C) Per-Olov Lowdin D) Max Planck
A) Black holes B) Stellar cores C) Interstellar clouds D) Subsurface oceans
A) Electrons for capture B) Deuterium molecules C) Heavy hydrogen ions D) Radiation
A) The potential energy B) The reduced Planck constant C) The Schrödinger wave function D) The particle mass
A) Stationary bound states B) Rising and falling exponentials C) Evanescent waves D) Travelling waves
A) An event horizon B) Medium B C) Medium A D) A potential barrier
A) Medium A B) A travelling wave medium C) Medium B D) A circumstellar habitable zone
A) They were proven entirely mathematically false B) Their ideas have not been incorporated into physics textbooks C) They form the foundation of all modern quantum chemistry chapters D) They completely replaced the Schrödinger equation
A) Complex-valued functions with zero real parts B) Purely imaginary constants C) Real-valued functions D) Dimensionless scaling parameters
A) ħ2 B) ħ-1 C) ħ1 D) ħ0
A) Infinite potential well confinement B) Quantum tunnelling C) Wave packet dispersion D) Classical motion
A) Far away from the potential hill B) At the exact center of a rectangular barrier C) Near the classical turning points D) Where the particle energy is extremely high
A) E = V(x) B) E > V(x) C) E = 0 D) E < V(x)
A) Gaussian functions B) Spherical harmonics C) Airy functions D) Legendre polynomials
A) Φ(x) B) R(E) C) Ψ(x) D) T(E)
A) Herbert Winful B) Günter Nimtz C) Francis E. Low D) A. M. Steinberg
A) Francis E. Low B) A. M. Steinberg C) Günter Nimtz D) Herbert Winful
A) Randomly B) Non-locally C) Instantly D) Locally
A) Only in integrable systems B) Yes C) Only for photons D) No
A) Linear magnetic fields B) Nonlinear resonances C) Electrostatic potential wells D) Harmonic oscillators
A) The Schrödinger equation B) Maxwell's wave-equation C) The heat equation D) The Navier-Stokes equation
A) Stochastic differential equation B) Non-linear diffusion equation C) Non-dispersive wave-equation D) Dispersive quantum equation
A) Water B) Quartz C) Vacuum D) Glass
A) Glass B) Vacuum C) Air D) Free space
A) Liquid B) Vacuum C) Solid D) Gas |