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Bystander effect - Exam
Contributed by: Parkin
  • 1. What is the bystander effect?
A) An instinctual response to assist in any emergency situation.
B) A phenomenon where individuals are less likely to offer help in an emergency situation when other people are present.
C) A study that shows people are more likely to help when alone.
D) A behavior that encourages individuals to intervene in group settings.
  • 2. In which year was the term 'bystander effect' first introduced?
A) 1982.
B) 1990.
C) 1968.
D) 1975.
  • 3. Which factor contributes to the bystander effect?
A) Rapid decision-making skills.
B) Heightened sense of personal responsibility.
C) Strong individualistic values.
D) Diffusion of responsibility.
  • 4. What is the 'diffusion of responsibility' concept in the context of the bystander effect?
A) People selectively assign responsibility to others in emergency situations.
B) People feel more personal responsibility to respond when others are present.
C) People respond more efficiently in groups rather than alone.
D) People feel less personal responsibility to respond when others are present.
  • 5. What is the 'noticing' step in the bystander intervention process?
A) Being aware of an emergency situation.
B) Taking direct action to help.
C) Assessing the risks involved.
D) Deciding whether to intervene.
  • 6. How does the bystander effect influence emergency response time?
A) It speeds up emergency response time.
B) It has no effect on emergency response time.
C) It delays emergency response time.
D) It only affects individual response time.
  • 7. What can individuals do to overcome the bystander effect?
A) Take personal responsibility and intervene.
B) Rely on social norms to guide behavior.
C) Assume someone else will help and walk away.
D) Avoid getting involved in emergency situations.
  • 8. How can increasing awareness of the bystander effect help reduce its impact?
A) Encouraging people to solely rely on group decision-making.
B) Promoting an individualistic attitude in group settings.
C) Educating individuals about the phenomenon and its consequences.
D) Ignoring the presence of others in emergency situations.
  • 9. In the experiment by LatanĂ© and Rodin, what was the percentage of people who helped when alone?
A) Fifty percent
B) Forty percent
C) Seventy percent
D) Ninety percent
  • 10. According to a 2011 meta-analysis, in what type of emergencies is the bystander effect most likely to occur?
A) All types of emergencies
B) Non-dangerous emergencies
C) Non-emergency situations
D) Dangerous emergencies
  • 11. What percentage of bystanders intervened in conflicts according to Philpot et al. (2019)?
A) 70%
B) 30%
C) 50%
D) Over 90%
  • 12. What principle suggests that bystanders look to others to interpret an emergency?
A) Social facilitation
B) Social comparison
C) Social influence
D) Social identity
  • 13. What type of intervention involves directly assisting the victim?
A) Detour intervention
B) Passive intervention
C) Direct intervention
D) Indirect intervention
  • 14. In what type of situations was the bystander effect attenuated according to the 2011 meta-analysis?
A) Dangerous situations
B) All situations
C) Non-emergency situations
D) Non-dangerous situations
  • 15. What factor can delay a person's decision to assist another in need?
A) Low consequence
B) Environmental familiarity
C) High ambiguity
D) Group cohesiveness
  • 16. How does familiarity with the environment affect a bystander's likelihood to help?
A) Has no effect
B) Increases likelihood
C) Decreases likelihood
D) Causes confusion
  • 17. What effect does priming a social context have on helping behavior?
A) Encourages helping behavior
B) Has no effect
C) May inhibit helping behavior
D) Increases urgency
  • 18. Which group was most likely to respond to a hurt victim in Rutkowski et al.'s experiment?
A) Four member low cohesive group
B) Two member high cohesive group
C) Two member low cohesive group
D) Four member high cohesive group
  • 19. In the 2005 experiment, when were bystanders more likely to help an injured person?
A) If the person was wearing a disliked football jersey
B) If the person was wearing a neutral shirt
C) If the person was wearing a liked football jersey
D) If the person was wearing a plain shirt
  • 20. How does shared group-level psychological relationship affect helping behavior?
A) Causes confusion
B) Has no effect
C) Can encourage helping
D) Always inhibits helping
  • 21. What theory explains the effect of shared identity on empathy and helping behavior?
A) Social identity theory
B) Cognitive dissonance theory
C) Self-categorization theory
D) Social comparison theory
  • 22. What was found to predict helping behavior when social identification was controlled?
A) Empathy predicted helping
B) Social identification predicted helping
C) Group size predicted helping
D) Empathy no longer predicted helping
  • 23. What year was the study by the International Ombudsman Association published?
A) 2009
B) 2008
C) 2010
D) 2011
  • 24. What is the name of the ABC primetime show that tests the bystander effect?
A) Primetime: What Would You Do?
B) What Would You Do? The Series
C) The Bystander Effect: Live
D) Bystander Intervention: Reality Check
  • 25. How many online chat groups were observed in the experiment?
A) 100
B) 400
C) 300
D) 500
  • 26. What was the mean response time when a specific person was called out for help?
A) 60.00 seconds
B) 36.38 seconds
C) 51.53 seconds
D) 45.00 seconds
  • 27. What was the mean response time when no specific person was called out for help?
A) 45.00 seconds
B) 51.53 seconds
C) 36.38 seconds
D) 60.00 seconds
  • 28. What was the screen name of the male victim in the experiment?
A) Jake Harmen
B) John Harmen
C) Jake Smith
D) James Harmen
  • 29. What was the screen name of the female victim in the experiment?
A) Suzanne Harmen
B) Sally Harmen
C) Suzy Harmen
D) Susan Harmen
  • 30. What study year did Robert Thornberg conduct research on children as bystanders?
A) 2007
B) 2005
C) 2010
D) 2012
  • 31. Which stage involves children paying selective attention to their environment?
A) Feeling empathy
B) Noticing that something is wrong
C) Acting
D) Interpreting a need for help
  • 32. What term describes children thinking others are just playing rather than in distress?
A) Pluralistic ignorance
B) Moral deliberation
C) Empathic anger
D) Social status scanning
  • 33. What is the final stage in Thornberg's model of moral deliberation as a bystander?
A) Feeling empathy
B) Acting
C) Noticing
D) Interpreting
  • 34. Which stage involves children considering possible benefits and costs before acting?
A) Noticing that something is wrong
B) Interpreting a need for help
C) Condensing motives for action
D) Feeling empathy
  • 35. Which of the following is a contextual ingredient influencing children's behavior according to Thornberg?
A) Fear of punishment
B) Compliance with rules
C) Gender stereotypes
D) Peer pressure
  • 36. What concept was introduced in South African courts to make convictions more just?
A) Mitigating factors
B) Justifiable reasons
C) Reasonable doubt
D) Extenuating circumstances
  • 37. What cultural characteristic did Boet KotzĂ© testify about in the S. vs. Sibisi case?
A) Cultural isolation
B) Collective consciousness
C) Individualism
D) Personal accountability
  • 38. Which program is used by American universities to improve bystander attitudes in cases of rape?
A) The Blue Light program
B) The Green Dot program
C) The InterAct Sexual Assault Prevention program
D) The Red Flag program
  • 39. What psychological concept suggests that individuals in a group may lose their sense of individual accountability?
A) Social facilitation
B) Conformity
C) Group polarization
D) Deindividuation
  • 40. On what date did the murder of Kitty Genovese occur?
A) March 13, 1964
B) December 25, 1964
C) May 30, 2011
D) October 24, 2009
  • 41. What did an article published in American Psychologist in 2007 reveal about the Kitty Genovese case?
A) The police were not called at all
B) There were more than 38 eyewitnesses
C) The attacker was immediately caught
D) The story had been exaggerated by the media
  • 42. What was Raymond Zack doing when he entered the waters off Robert Crown Memorial Beach?
A) Sailing
B) Fishing
C) Swimming
D) Standing neck deep in water
  • 43. What ultimately caused Raymond Zack to collapse in the water?
A) Dehydration
B) Hypothermia
C) Heart attack
D) Drowning
  • 44. Who eventually entered the water to save Raymond Zack?
A) A firefighter
B) A good samaritan
C) A police officer
D) A Coast Guard member
  • 45. What was one of the physical consequences suffered by Jane Doe after the assault?
A) Loss of hearing
B) Broken bones
C) Amnesia
D) Scars from cigarette burns on her back
  • 46. How long did the sexual assault on the SEPTA train last?
A) Nearly 40 minutes
B) 30 minutes
C) 20 minutes
D) 50 minutes
  • 47. How long after the initial 911 call was the suspect arrested?
A) 5 minutes
B) 15 minutes
C) 3 minutes
D) 10 minutes
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