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Bystander effect - Exam
Contributed by: Parkin
  • 1. What is the bystander effect?
A) A study that shows people are more likely to help when alone.
B) An instinctual response to assist in any emergency situation.
C) A phenomenon where individuals are less likely to offer help in an emergency situation when other people are present.
D) A behavior that encourages individuals to intervene in group settings.
  • 2. In which year was the term 'bystander effect' first introduced?
A) 1975.
B) 1990.
C) 1982.
D) 1968.
  • 3. Which factor contributes to the bystander effect?
A) Diffusion of responsibility.
B) Strong individualistic values.
C) Heightened sense of personal responsibility.
D) Rapid decision-making skills.
  • 4. What is the 'diffusion of responsibility' concept in the context of the bystander effect?
A) People feel more personal responsibility to respond when others are present.
B) People feel less personal responsibility to respond when others are present.
C) People selectively assign responsibility to others in emergency situations.
D) People respond more efficiently in groups rather than alone.
  • 5. What is the 'noticing' step in the bystander intervention process?
A) Taking direct action to help.
B) Being aware of an emergency situation.
C) Assessing the risks involved.
D) Deciding whether to intervene.
  • 6. How does the bystander effect influence emergency response time?
A) It has no effect on emergency response time.
B) It only affects individual response time.
C) It speeds up emergency response time.
D) It delays emergency response time.
  • 7. What can individuals do to overcome the bystander effect?
A) Avoid getting involved in emergency situations.
B) Take personal responsibility and intervene.
C) Rely on social norms to guide behavior.
D) Assume someone else will help and walk away.
  • 8. How can increasing awareness of the bystander effect help reduce its impact?
A) Educating individuals about the phenomenon and its consequences.
B) Promoting an individualistic attitude in group settings.
C) Ignoring the presence of others in emergency situations.
D) Encouraging people to solely rely on group decision-making.
  • 9. In the experiment by LatanĂ© and Rodin, what was the percentage of people who helped when alone?
A) Forty percent
B) Seventy percent
C) Ninety percent
D) Fifty percent
  • 10. According to a 2011 meta-analysis, in what type of emergencies is the bystander effect most likely to occur?
A) Dangerous emergencies
B) Non-dangerous emergencies
C) Non-emergency situations
D) All types of emergencies
  • 11. What percentage of bystanders intervened in conflicts according to Philpot et al. (2019)?
A) 50%
B) 30%
C) Over 90%
D) 70%
  • 12. What principle suggests that bystanders look to others to interpret an emergency?
A) Social identity
B) Social influence
C) Social comparison
D) Social facilitation
  • 13. What type of intervention involves directly assisting the victim?
A) Direct intervention
B) Indirect intervention
C) Detour intervention
D) Passive intervention
  • 14. In what type of situations was the bystander effect attenuated according to the 2011 meta-analysis?
A) All situations
B) Dangerous situations
C) Non-emergency situations
D) Non-dangerous situations
  • 15. What factor can delay a person's decision to assist another in need?
A) Environmental familiarity
B) Group cohesiveness
C) High ambiguity
D) Low consequence
  • 16. How does familiarity with the environment affect a bystander's likelihood to help?
A) Causes confusion
B) Increases likelihood
C) Decreases likelihood
D) Has no effect
  • 17. What effect does priming a social context have on helping behavior?
A) Encourages helping behavior
B) May inhibit helping behavior
C) Increases urgency
D) Has no effect
  • 18. Which group was most likely to respond to a hurt victim in Rutkowski et al.'s experiment?
A) Four member high cohesive group
B) Two member high cohesive group
C) Two member low cohesive group
D) Four member low cohesive group
  • 19. Which stage involves children considering possible benefits and costs before acting?
A) Noticing that something is wrong
B) Condensing motives for action
C) Feeling empathy
D) Interpreting a need for help
  • 20. Who eventually entered the water to save Raymond Zack?
A) A firefighter
B) A police officer
C) A Coast Guard member
D) A good samaritan
  • 21. On what date did the murder of Kitty Genovese occur?
A) May 30, 2011
B) December 25, 1964
C) October 24, 2009
D) March 13, 1964
  • 22. What psychological concept suggests that individuals in a group may lose their sense of individual accountability?
A) Social facilitation
B) Deindividuation
C) Conformity
D) Group polarization
  • 23. What was the screen name of the female victim in the experiment?
A) Sally Harmen
B) Suzy Harmen
C) Susan Harmen
D) Suzanne Harmen
  • 24. What was the mean response time when no specific person was called out for help?
A) 45.00 seconds
B) 60.00 seconds
C) 36.38 seconds
D) 51.53 seconds
  • 25. In the 2005 experiment, when were bystanders more likely to help an injured person?
A) If the person was wearing a liked football jersey
B) If the person was wearing a plain shirt
C) If the person was wearing a disliked football jersey
D) If the person was wearing a neutral shirt
  • 26. What year was the study by the International Ombudsman Association published?
A) 2009
B) 2011
C) 2008
D) 2010
  • 27. How does shared group-level psychological relationship affect helping behavior?
A) Has no effect
B) Always inhibits helping
C) Can encourage helping
D) Causes confusion
  • 28. Which program is used by American universities to improve bystander attitudes in cases of rape?
A) The Red Flag program
B) The Blue Light program
C) The Green Dot program
D) The InterAct Sexual Assault Prevention program
  • 29. What was the screen name of the male victim in the experiment?
A) Jake Harmen
B) Jake Smith
C) John Harmen
D) James Harmen
  • 30. What was found to predict helping behavior when social identification was controlled?
A) Empathy predicted helping
B) Social identification predicted helping
C) Group size predicted helping
D) Empathy no longer predicted helping
  • 31. What was one of the physical consequences suffered by Jane Doe after the assault?
A) Loss of hearing
B) Scars from cigarette burns on her back
C) Broken bones
D) Amnesia
  • 32. What term describes children thinking others are just playing rather than in distress?
A) Moral deliberation
B) Pluralistic ignorance
C) Social status scanning
D) Empathic anger
  • 33. What was Raymond Zack doing when he entered the waters off Robert Crown Memorial Beach?
A) Swimming
B) Fishing
C) Sailing
D) Standing neck deep in water
  • 34. Which of the following is a contextual ingredient influencing children's behavior according to Thornberg?
A) Compliance with rules
B) Peer pressure
C) Gender stereotypes
D) Fear of punishment
  • 35. What cultural characteristic did Boet KotzĂ© testify about in the S. vs. Sibisi case?
A) Individualism
B) Personal accountability
C) Collective consciousness
D) Cultural isolation
  • 36. What did an article published in American Psychologist in 2007 reveal about the Kitty Genovese case?
A) The police were not called at all
B) The attacker was immediately caught
C) There were more than 38 eyewitnesses
D) The story had been exaggerated by the media
  • 37. What study year did Robert Thornberg conduct research on children as bystanders?
A) 2005
B) 2007
C) 2012
D) 2010
  • 38. What was the mean response time when a specific person was called out for help?
A) 45.00 seconds
B) 51.53 seconds
C) 60.00 seconds
D) 36.38 seconds
  • 39. How long after the initial 911 call was the suspect arrested?
A) 5 minutes
B) 3 minutes
C) 15 minutes
D) 10 minutes
  • 40. What theory explains the effect of shared identity on empathy and helping behavior?
A) Social comparison theory
B) Self-categorization theory
C) Cognitive dissonance theory
D) Social identity theory
  • 41. How long did the sexual assault on the SEPTA train last?
A) 30 minutes
B) Nearly 40 minutes
C) 50 minutes
D) 20 minutes
  • 42. What is the final stage in Thornberg's model of moral deliberation as a bystander?
A) Acting
B) Noticing
C) Interpreting
D) Feeling empathy
  • 43. What concept was introduced in South African courts to make convictions more just?
A) Justifiable reasons
B) Reasonable doubt
C) Extenuating circumstances
D) Mitigating factors
  • 44. Which stage involves children paying selective attention to their environment?
A) Feeling empathy
B) Noticing that something is wrong
C) Acting
D) Interpreting a need for help
  • 45. How many online chat groups were observed in the experiment?
A) 500
B) 100
C) 400
D) 300
  • 46. What is the name of the ABC primetime show that tests the bystander effect?
A) What Would You Do? The Series
B) Primetime: What Would You Do?
C) Bystander Intervention: Reality Check
D) The Bystander Effect: Live
  • 47. What ultimately caused Raymond Zack to collapse in the water?
A) Hypothermia
B) Dehydration
C) Drowning
D) Heart attack
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