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Introduction to Cybercrime and Environmental Law
Contributed by: FELIZARTE
  • 1. Under R.A. 10173 (Data Privacy Act), which act constitutes a violation when a law enforcement officer unlawfully discloses personal data collected during an investigation without consent or legal basis?
A) Storing data securely for future reference, without immediate use.
B) Processing data for legitimate law enforcement purposes, provided safeguards are in place.
C) Unauthorized disclosure of sensitive personal information, breaching privacy rights and security principles.
D) Collecting data with proper warrants, as it aligns with public interest.
E) Unauthorized disclosure of sensitive personal information, breaching privacy rights and security principles.
  • 2. In R.A. 10175 (Cybercrime Prevention Act), which act constitutes a violation involving the unauthorized access to computer systems for espionage purposes?
A) Hacking into government databases to steal classified information, constituting cyber espionage.
B) Sharing public information online without malice.
C) Accessing systems with owner consent for maintenance.
D) Hacking into government databases to steal classified information, constituting cyber espionage.
E) Using encryption for personal data protection
  • 3. Under the Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998 (R.A. 8550), which act constitutes a violation when dynamite is used to catch fish in municipal waters?
A) Reporting catch volumes to local authorities.
B) Using sustainable fishing gear like nets in designated areas.
C) Harvesting seaweed for aquaculture purposes.
D) Employing destructive methods like explosives, destroying habitats and violating conservation rules.
E) Employing destructive methods like explosives, destroying habitats and violating conservation rules.
  • 4. In R.A. 9147 (Wildlife Act), which act constitutes a violation involving the illegal trade of endangered species like Philippine eagles?
A) Educating the public on wildlife preservation
B) Breeding protected species in captivity for conservation
C) Educating the public on wildlife preservation
D) Selling or transporting endangered wildlife without permits, threatening biodiversity.
E) Selling or transporting endangered wildlife without permits, threatening biodiversity.
  • 5. Under R.A. 9003 (Solid Waste Management Act), which act constitutes a violation when industrial waste is dumped in open areas without segregation?
A) Collecting waste for composting programs.
B) Improper disposal of hazardous waste, polluting land and violating segregation mandates.
C) Educating communities on waste reduction.
D) Improper disposal of hazardous waste, polluting land and violating segregation mandates.
E) Recycling materials in designated facilities.
  • 6. In R.A. 8749 (Clean Air Act), which act constitutes a violation when a factory emits pollutants exceeding emission standards without permits?
A) Installing air quality monitoring devices.
B) Releasing excessive pollutants into the atmosphere, violating emission limits and health standards.
C) Reporting emissions to environmental agencies.
D) Releasing excessive pollutants into the atmosphere, violating emission limits and health standards.
E) Using renewable energy sources for operations.
  • 7. Under R.A. 9275 (Clean Water Act), which act constitutes a violation when untreated sewage is discharged into rivers without permits?
A) Treating wastewater before release into bodies of water.
B) Discharging pollutants directly into waterways, breaching water quality standards.
C) Discharging pollutants directly into waterways, breaching water quality standards.
D) Monitoring water quality in protected areas.
E) Implementing watershed management plans.
  • 8. Under R.A. 10173, which act constitutes a violation when a law enforcement database is hacked, leading to unauthorized data processing?
A) Encrypting data for security purposes.
B) Unauthorized processing or alteration of personal data, compromising privacy.
C) Unauthorized processing or alteration of personal data, compromising privacy.
D) Deleting outdated records securely
E) Obtaining consent for data collection
  • 9. In R.A. 10175, which act constitutes a violation involving the creation and distribution of child pornography online?
A) Using social media for lawful advocacy
B) Sharing educational content on internet safety.
C) Producing or distributing child sexual abuse material, constituting a severe cybercrime.
D) Producing or distributing child sexual abuse material, constituting a severe cybercrime.
E) Encrypting communications for privacy.
  • 10. Under the Fisheries Code, which act constitutes a violation when commercial fishing occurs in marine sanctuaries without authorization?
A) Implementing community-based fisheries management.
B) Reporting illegal activities to authorities.
C) Fishing in no-take zones, destroying marine biodiversity.
D) Fishing in no-take zones, destroying marine biodiversity.
E) Conducting research in protected areas with permits.
  • 11. In R.A. 9147, which act constitutes a violation involving the destruction of critical habitats for wildlife?
A) Clearing forests for development, endangering species and violating habitat protection.
B) Restoring degraded habitats legally.
C) Monitoring wildlife populations.
D) Establishing eco-tourism zones.
E) Clearing forests for development, endangering species and violating habitat protection.
  • 12. Under R.A. 9003, which act constitutes a violation when open burning of waste is conducted in residential areas?
A) Burning waste openly, releasing toxins and violating anti-burning provisions.
B) Composting organic waste properly.
C) Segregating waste for recycling.
D) Burning waste openly, releasing toxins and violating anti-burning provisions.
E) Educating on waste segregation.
  • 13. In R.A. 8749, which act constitutes a violation when vehicles operate without emission testing in urban zones?
A) Reporting vehicle maintenance.
B) Operating without valid emission compliance certificates, contributing to air pollution.
C) Using public transportation to reduce emissions.
D) Retrofitting vehicles with emission controls.
E) Operating without valid emission compliance certificates, contributing to air pollution.
  • 14. Under R.A. 9275, which act constitutes a violation when industrial effluents are released into coastal waters without treatment?
A) Treating wastewater before release into bodies of water.
B) Discharging untreated pollutants, degrading marine ecosystems.
C) Discharging untreated pollutants, degrading marine ecosystems.
D) Implementing pollution prevention plans.
E) Monitoring effluent quality.
  • 15. Under R.A. 10173, which act constitutes a violation when personal data is collected without informing the data subject?
A) Providing privacy notices as required.
B) Obtaining consent for processing.
C) Collecting data surreptitiously, breaching transparency principles.
D) Collecting data surreptitiously, breaching transparency principles.
E) Limiting data retention periods.
  • 16. In R.A. 10175, which act constitutes a violation involving identity theft through online fraud?
A) Sharing public profiles online.
B) Stealing personal information for fraudulent purposes, constituting cybercrime.
C) Stealing personal information for fraudulent purposes, constituting cybercrime.
D) Using secure authentication.
E) Verifying identities securely.
  • 17. Under the Fisheries Code, which act constitutes a violation when cyanide is used in fishing operations?
A) Using non-toxic methods for aquaculture.
B) Applying poisons to stun fish, harming ecosystems.
C) Applying poisons to stun fish, harming ecosystems.
D) Monitoring fish stocks.
E) Enforcing fishing bans.
  • 18. In R.A. 9147, which act constitutes a violation involving poaching endangered animals for trophies?
A) Promoting anti-poaching campaigns.
B) Conducting wildlife censuses.
C) Killing protected species illegally, threatening populations.
D) Hunting with permits in controlled areas
E) Killing protected species illegally, threatening populations.
  • 19. Under R.A. 9003, which act constitutes a violation when hazardous waste is mixed with regular municipal waste?
A) Storing hazardous waste separately.
B) Mixing wastes improperly, increasing pollution risks.
C) Reporting waste generation.
D) Recycling hazardous materials.
E) Mixing wastes improperly, increasing pollution risks.
  • 20. In R.A. 8749, which act constitutes a violation when smoke-belching vehicles are allowed to operate unchecked?
A) Monitoring air pollution levels.
B) Permitting excessive smoke emissions, violating air quality rules.
C) Enforcing emission standards.
D) Permitting excessive smoke emissions, violating air quality rules.
E) Promoting electric vehicles
  • 21. Under R.A. 9275, which act constitutes a violation when oil spills occur from ships without cleanup?
A) Failing to contain and remediate oil discharges, polluting water bodies
B) Reporting spills immediately
C) Failing to contain and remediate oil discharges, polluting water bodies
D) Using biodegradable oils
E) Implementing spill prevention measures
  • 22. Under R.A. 10173, which act constitutes a violation when data is retained beyond necessary periods?
A) Excessive retention without justification, breaching minimization principles
B) Auditing data inventories.
C) Obtaining consent for retention.
D) Deleting data after use.
E) Excessive retention without justification, breaching minimization principles
  • 23. In R.A. 10175, which act constitutes a violation involving libelous online posts?
A) Using anonymous accounts legally.
B) Publishing defamatory content online, constituting cyber libel.
C) Fact-checking information
D) Expressing opinions freely.
E) Publishing defamatory content online, constituting cyber libel.
  • 24. Under the Fisheries Code, which act constitutes a violation when fishing beyond allowable catch limits?
A) Reporting catches accurately
B) Exceeding limits, leading to overfishing.
C) Using selective gear
D) Adhering to quotas.
E) Exceeding limits, leading to overfishing.
  • 25. In R.A. 9147, which act constitutes a violation involving illegal logging in wildlife reserves?
A) Enforcing logging bans.
B) Reforestation efforts.
C) Cutting trees in protected areas, destroying habitats.
D) Sustainable logging with permits.
E) Cutting trees in protected areas, destroying habitats.
  • 26. During a cybercrime investigation, an officer collects a suspect’s laptop without a warrant, citing urgency to prevent data deletion. Under the Rules on Cybercrime Warrants, which is the most proper legal justification for this action?
A) Exigent circumstances justify warrantless seizure if evidence is at risk of destruction.
B) Warrant is unnecessary for digital evidence.
C) Exigent circumstances justify warrantless seizure if evidence is at risk of destruction.
D) Consent of the suspect is implied during cybercrime operations.
E) The officer’s authority under RA 10175 supersedes all other laws.
  • 27. Which type of warrant is specifically used to authorize the collection of computer data from an online account?
A) Warrant to Disclose Computer Data (WDCD)
B) Warrant to Disclose Computer Data (WDCD)
C) Warrant to Examine Computer Data (WECD)
D) Warrant to Search, Seize, and Examine Computer Data (WSSECD)
E) Warrant to Intercept Computer Data (WICD)
  • 28. In the chain of custody for digital evidence, which step ensures the authenticity of the evidence during trial?
A) Presentation by the arresting officer
B) Proper labeling and sealing of the storage device
C) Use of the latest antivirus software
D) Electronic signature by the prosecutor
E) Proper labeling and sealing of the storage device
  • 29. Which of the following best differentiates a Warrant to Intercept Computer Data (WICD) from a Warrant to Examine Computer Data (WECD)?
A) WICD applies to physical devices; WECD applies to social media accounts
B) Both are identical under RA 10175.
C) WICD Involves real-time data interception; WECD involves stored data examination.
D) WICD Involves real-time data interception; WECD involves stored data examination.
E) WECD is issued only by the DOJ; WICD is issued by courts.
  • 30. A police cyber investigator copies the contents of a USB drive using personal software. The hash value changes after copying. What is the most likely procedural error?
A) Improper use of forensic imaging tools
B) Failure to decrypt the files
C) Lack of data backup
D) Absence of a search warrant
E) Improper use of forensic imaging tools
  • 31. Which rule primarily governs the admissibility of digital evidence in Philippine courts?
A) Rule on Electronic Evidence (A.M. No. 01-7-01-SC)
B) Rule 115, Rules of Criminal Procedure
C) Rule on Electronic Evidence (A.M. No. 01-7-01-SC)
D) Rule on Cybercrime Warrants (A.M. No. 17-11-03-SC)
E) Evidence Act of 1989
  • 32. Which best describes the scope of the Warrant to Search, Seize, and Examine Computer Data (WSSECD)?
A) Limited only to physical seizure of hardware.
B) Applies only to social media posts.
C) Combines the authority to search, seize, and examine physical and digital evidence.
D) Combines the authority to search, seize, and examine physical and digital evidence.
E) Used exclusively for interception of live chats.
  • 33. A cybercrime warrant was issued for a desktop computer but law enforcers also seized a tablet found near it. Which principle determines if such seizure is valid?
A) Fruit of the poisonous tree
B) Exclusionary rule
C) Plain view doctrine
D) Plain view doctrine
E) Adverse inference rule
  • 34. In the digital chain of custody, the first person to receive and mark the evidence is known as the:
A) Evidence custodian
B) First responder
C) Evidence originator
D) Evidence analyst
E) First responder
  • 35. When a court determines authenticity of digital evidence, it mainly requires proof of:
A) The number of digital copies produced
B) The encryption software used
C) The reliability of the data source and integrity of the process used
D) The volume of data stored
E) The reliability of the data source and integrity of the process used
  • 36. If an officer seizes a smartphone without isolating it from the network, what risk is most likely to compromise the investigation?
A) Delay in data extraction
B) Increase in battery temperature
C) Remote wiping or alteration of data
D) Remote wiping or alteration of data
E) Device encryption failure
  • 37. The hash value in digital forensics functions primarily to:
A) Verify that data has not been altered
B) Compress the file for storage
C) Verify that data has not been altered
D) Encrypt the data for security
E) Translate binary codes to text
  • 38. Which statement about incident response is most accurate?
A) It excludes coordination with service providers.
B) It involves detection, containment, eradication, and recovery.
C) It involves detection, containment, eradication, and recovery.
D) It is optional if a warrant has been issued.
E) It starts only after evidence collection.
  • 39. When law enforcement requests user data from an ISP, which warrant is required?
A) WECD
B) WDCD
C) WICD
D) WSSECD
E) WDCD
  • 40. An officer extracts only partial logs from a computer due to limited time. During trial, the defense argues incompleteness. What principle governs admissibility here?
A) Plain view rule
B) Chain of custody rule
C) Best evidence rule
D) Res gestae rule
E) Best evidence rule
  • 41. The primary goal of incident response in cybercrime is to:
A) Contain the incident while preserving evidence integrity.
B) Contain the incident while preserving evidence integrity.
C) Disconnect all systems permanently.
D) Immediately prosecute the offender.
E) Delete malicious data.
  • 42. A law enforcement agent fails to record the serial number of a seized device. What is compromised?
A) Chain of custody documentation
B) Jurisdiction of the court
C) Admissibility under RA 10175
D) Authority of the warrant
E) Chain of custody documentation
  • 43. When must a Warrant to Intercept Computer Data be executed after issuance?
A) Within ten (10) days from issuance, unless extended by the court
B) Within ten (10) days from issuance, unless extended by the court
C) Within one (1) year
D) Immediately and without limit
E) Within twenty (20) days
  • 44. Under the Rule on Electronic Evidence, how may the authenticity of an electronic document be proven?
A) By submission of printed copies.
B) By digital signature or other security procedures proving identity.
C) By digital signature or other security procedures proving identity.
D) By oral testimony of a witness alone.
E) By certification from the ISP.
  • 45. Which among the following is NOT a valid type of Cybercrime Warrant under A.M. No. 17-11-03-SC?
A) Warrant to Disclose Computer Data
B) Warrant to Delete Computer Data
C) Warrant to Delete Computer Data
D) Warrant to Intercept Computer Data
E) Warrant to Block Access
  • 46. What procedural safeguard must be followed when presenting digital evidence in court?
A) Certification by a foreign expert.
B) Maintenance of chain of custody with documentation and signatures.
C) Inclusion of suspect’s consent form.
D) Maintenance of chain of custody with documentation and signatures.
E) Submission of encrypted files only.
  • 47. A seized laptop was analyzed without a forensic image. What is the evidentiary consequence?
A) Accepted as secondary evidence.
B) Potential inadmissibility due to alteration risk.
C) No consequence if warrant exists.
D) Potential inadmissibility due to alteration risk.
E) Automatically admissible if signed by investigator.
  • 48. Which situation demonstrates improper execution of a cybercrime warrant?
A) Accessing unrelated folders outside the warrant’s scope.
B) Seizing a USB found in plain view.
C) Submitting the report within ten days.
D) Accessing unrelated folders outside the warrant’s scope.
E) Hashing all collected data.
  • 49. Digital evidence presented in court must satisfy which three criteria for admissibility?
A) Relevance, authenticity, and integrity
B) Reliability, importance, and format
C) Relevance, authenticity, and integrity
D) Quantity, quality, and accessibility
E) Consent, jurisdiction, and value
  • 50. If the evidence was obtained through an invalid cybercrime warrant, which doctrine applies to exclude it?
A) Fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine
B) Fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine
C) De minimis rule
D) Exclusionary clause exception
E) Plain view doctrine
  • 51. Under the Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998, when filing a case for illegal fishing, the law enforcement officer must first conduct a preliminary investigation. Analyze the procedural step of gathering evidence during this phase and evaluate its importance in ensuring a successful prosecution. Which of the following best describes the officer's obligation to document chain of custody for seized fishing gear?
A) The officer must establish a complete chain of custody to prevent tampering, ensuring evidentiary integrity.
B) The officer must establish a complete chain of custody to prevent tampering, ensuring evidentiary integrity.
C) Documentation is optional if the gear is perishable.
D) The officer must photograph and label the gear but not seal it.
E) Documentation is only required if the suspect confesses
  • 52. Evaluate the procedure for filing a complaint under the Fisheries Code when a violation involves dynamite fishing. If the officer determines probable cause after inspection, what is the next evaluative step in deciding whether to proceed to court, and why is this step essential for resource protection?
A) Assess environmental impact to prioritize cases affecting marine ecosystems.
B) Dismiss the case if the violator offers compensation.
C) Transfer the case to a non-governmental organization.
D) Immediately arrest the violator without further evaluation
E) Assess environmental impact to prioritize cases affecting marine ecosystems.
  • 53. In filing cases under the Fisheries Code for unauthorized aquaculture, explain the role of coordination with the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) during the investigation phase. Evaluate how this coordination enhances procedural effectiveness in multi-agency enforcement.
A) BFAR provides technical expertise, improving evidence accuracy and case strength.
B) It delays the process by requiring additional approvals.
C) Coordination is unnecessary as local officers handle all aspects.
D) Coordination only involves sharing suspect information.
E) BFAR provides technical expertise, improving evidence accuracy and case strength.
  • 54. Analyze the procedure for seizing fish catch in violation of size limits under the Fisheries Code. Evaluate the officer's discretion in deciding whether to destroy perishable evidence versus preserving it, and explain the legal implications of this choice.
A) Preservation is preferred, but destruction is allowed with documentation to maintain chain of custody.
B) Destruction requires court approval first.
C) Preservation is preferred, but destruction is allowed with documentation to maintain chain of custody.
D) The officer has no discretion; all evidence must be preserved
E) Destruction is always mandatory to avoid spoilage.
  • 55. Evaluate the timeline for filing a case after detecting a Fisheries Code violation, such as illegal trawling. Explain why adhering to a 48-hour rule for preliminary reports strengthens the procedure's integrity and outcomes.
A) The rule is flexible and not strictly enforced.
B) It allows indefinite delays for complex cases.
C) It ensures timely evidence collection, preventing loss and upholding accountability.
D) It ensures timely evidence collection, preventing loss and upholding accountability.
E) The rule applies only to minor violations.
  • 56. In filing environmental cases under the Fisheries Code for coral reef destruction, analyze the requirement for environmental impact assessment during investigation. Evaluate its contribution to the overall procedure's robustness in proving culpability.
A) Assessment delays filing unnecessarily.
B) It provides scientific basis, enhancing evidential weight and judicial outcomes.
C) It provides scientific basis, enhancing evidential weight and judicial outcomes.
D) It is only for civil, not criminal, cases.
E) Assessment is optional and not required for filing.
  • 57. Explain the procedure for involving barangay officials in Fisheries Code violations like poaching. Evaluate the effectiveness of this participatory approach in community-based enforcement and its impact on case resolution.
A) Officials only witness arrests.
B) It complicates procedures without benefits.
C) It facilitates local cooperation, improving detection and resolution rates.
D) It facilitates local cooperation, improving detection and resolution rates.
E) Barangay involvement is mandatory for all cases.
  • 58. Analyze the procedural requirement for issuing a notice of violation under the Fisheries Code before formal filing. Evaluate its role in promoting compliance versus punitive action, and explain potential drawbacks in enforcement.
A) It is mandatory for all violations without exceptions.
B) Notice delays prosecution indefinitely
C) It allows violators to correct behavior, balancing deterrence with rehabilitation.
D) It allows violators to correct behavior, balancing deterrence with rehabilitation.
E) Notice is issued only after arrest.
  • 59. Evaluate the procedure for consolidating multiple Fisheries Code violations in a single case, such as combined illegal fishing and habitat destruction. Explain how this consolidation affects evidentiary analysis and judicial efficiency.
A) It requires separate filings for each violation.
B) Consolidation is prohibited to avoid complexity
C) Consolidation only applies to civil penalties.
D) It streamlines evidence presentation, reducing court time and strengthening linkages.
E) It streamlines evidence presentation, reducing court time and strengthening linkages.
  • 60. In the context of the Fisheries Code, analyze the post-filing procedure for monitoring compliance after a case is filed. Evaluate its importance in preventing recidivism and ensuring long-term environmental protection.
A) Monitoring is optional and not enforced.
B) It involves follow-up inspections, deterring future violations through accountability.
C) Monitoring occurs only during trial.
D) It is handled solely by the court.
E) It involves follow-up inspections, deterring future violations through accountability.
  • 61. Under R.A. 9147, analyze the initial step in filing a case for illegal wildlife trade, involving seizure of endangered species. Evaluate the officer's duty to consult with the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) and its impact on procedural accuracy.
A) Consultation only involves paperwork.
B) Consultation is optional for routine seizures.
C) DENR expertise ensures proper identification, enhancing case validity.
D) DENR expertise ensures proper identification, enhancing case validity.
E) It requires approval before any action.
  • 62. Evaluate the procedure for documenting wildlife confiscation under the Wildlife Act. Explain how photographic and video evidence strengthens admissibility and evaluates the procedure's role in combating poaching networks.
A) Documentation is limited to written reports
B) It is unnecessary if the animal is alive.
C) Visual evidence provides irrefutable proof, aiding in network disruption.
D) Visual evidence provides irrefutable proof, aiding in network disruption.
E) Documentation delays seizure.
  • 63. Analyze the coordination with Protected Area Management Boards (PAMBs) in filing Wildlife Act cases for habitat encroachment. Evaluate this step's effectiveness in integrating local governance and its implications for case outcomes.
A) It complicates jurisdiction.
B) Coordination leverages local knowledge, improving detection and resolution.
C) PAMBs have no role in enforcement.
D) PAMBs only approve permits.
E) Coordination leverages local knowledge, improving detection and resolution
  • 64. Evaluate the timeline for filing a complaint after wildlife seizure under R.A. 9147. Explain the rationale for a 72-hour filing rule and its evaluation in maintaining evidence integrity.
A) It prevents evidence degradation, ensuring timely prosecution.
B) The rule is discretionary.
C) It applies only to dead specimens.
D) It prevents evidence degradation, ensuring timely prosecution.
E) Filing can be delayed indefinitely
  • 65. In filing cases for illegal possession of wildlife products, analyze the requirement for forensic analysis. Evaluate its contribution to proving intent and the procedure's overall robustness.
A) It establishes origin and illegality, strengthening culpability.
B) Analysis requires court order first.
C) It establishes origin and illegality, strengthening culpability.
D) Analysis is optional for common species
E) It only identifies species.
  • 66. Explain the procedure for involving NGOs in Wildlife Act enforcement. Evaluate the benefits and potential conflicts in this participatory approach for filing cases.
A) NGOs only handle rehabilitation.
B) They provide resources, enhancing capacity but risking bias.
C) They provide resources, enhancing capacity but risking bias.
D) Involvement is mandatory.
E) NGOs are excluded from procedures.
  • 67. Analyze the post-seizure procedure for wildlife rehabilitation under R.A. 9147. Evaluate its integration into case filing and impact on judicial outcomes.
A) Rehabilitation is not required.
B) It delays prosecution.
C) It ensures animal welfare, potentially influencing plea deals.
D) Rehabilitation is separate from filing.
E) It ensures animal welfare, potentially influencing plea deals.
  • 68. Evaluate the procedure for assessing penalties in Wildlife Act cases. Explain how environmental impact evaluation influences filing decisions and promotes deterrence.
A) Penalties are fixed.
B) Assessment is post-trial
C) Impact assessment tailors penalties, deterring severe violations.
D) Impact assessment tailors penalties, deterring severe violations.
E) It only considers economic loss
  • 69. Analyze the role of chain of custody in Wildlife Act seizures. Evaluate its necessity in preventing tampering and ensuring procedural integrity.
A) Strict documentation maintains evidence reliability
B) Strict documentation maintains evidence reliability
C) It applies only to live animals
D) Custody is informal
E) Custody is court-managed
  • 70. Evaluate the procedure for filing joint cases with other agencies under R.A. 9147. Explain its effectiveness in addressing cross-border wildlife trafficking
A) It pools resources, improving transnational enforcement
B) It pools resources, improving transnational enforcement
C) Joint filing is prohibited
D) It complicates jurisdiction
E) Joint cases are rare
  • 71. Under R.A. 9003, analyze the procedure for inspecting illegal dumpsites. Evaluate the officer's use of sampling in evidence gathering and its role in proving violations.
A) Sampling is unnecessary
B) Sampling requires lab approval
C) It provides representative evidence, strengthening cases
D) It only identifies waste types
E) It provides representative evidence, strengthening cases
  • 72. Evaluate the filing procedure for non-compliance with waste segregation under the Act. Explain the notice-to-comply step and its evaluative impact on voluntary correction.
A) It promotes compliance, reducing litigation
B) Notice is punitive
C) It promotes compliance, reducing litigation
D) It is mandatory for all cases.
E) Notice is issued post-arrest
  • 73. Analyze coordination with local government units (LGUs) in filing Solid Waste Act cases. Evaluate its effectiveness in decentralized enforcement
A) It creates overlaps
B) LGUs only issue permits.
C) Coordination ensures local implementation, improving outcomes
D) Coordination ensures local implementation, improving outcomes
E) LGUs have no role
  • 74. Evaluate the timeline for reporting violations under R.A. 9003. Explain the 24-hour rule's rationale and its evaluation in evidence preservation
A) The rule is flexible
B) Reporting can be delayed
C) It ensures prompt action, maintaining integrity
D) It applies to minor issues only
E) It ensures prompt action, maintaining integrity
  • 75. Analyze the procedure for seizing hazardous waste. Evaluate documentation requirements and their impact on admissibility.
A) Seizure requires court order
B) Documentation is minimal
C) Detailed records ensure evidentiary strength
D) Detailed records ensure evidentiary strength
E) Documentation is post-seizure
  • 76. Explain the role of environmental monitoring in filing cases. Evaluate its contribution to ongoing compliance under the Act.
A) Monitoring is optional
B) It is court-ordered
C) It detects violations early, aiding prevention
D) It detects violations early, aiding prevention
E) Monitoring delays filing.
  • 77. Evaluate the procedure for involving waste generators in corrective actions. Explain its evaluative role in case resolution.
A) Involvement encourages responsibility, resolving issues
B) It complicates procedures
C) Involvement encourages responsibility, resolving issues
D) Generators are not involved
E) Generators only pay fines
  • 78. Analyze chain of custody for waste samples. Evaluate its necessity in forensic analysis and procedural integrity
A) It applies to non-hazardous waste only
B) Strict tracking prevents contamination
C) Custody is informal
D) Strict tracking prevents contamination
E) Custody is lab-managed
  • 79. Evaluate the filing of cases for illegal waste transport. Explain the inspection protocol and its impact on proving intent
A) They delay transport
B) Protocol establishes violations, strengthening cases
C) Protocol establishes violations, strengthening cases
D) Inspections are random
E) Inspections require permits
  • 80. Analyze post-filing monitoring under R.A. 9003. Evaluate its role in preventing recidivism and long-term waste management
A) It ensures sustained compliance
B) It ensures sustained compliance
C) It is handled by courts
D) Monitoring is not required
E) Monitoring occurs during trial
  • 81. During a cybercrime investigation, an officer collects a suspect’s laptop without a warrant, citing urgency to prevent data deletion. Under the Rules on Cybercrime Warrants, which is the most proper legal justification for this action?
A) The officer’s authority under RA 10175 supersedes all other laws
B) Consent of the suspect is implied during cybercrime operations
C) Exigent circumstances justify warrantless seizure if evidence is at risk of destruction
D) Warrant is unnecessary for digital evidence
E) Exigent circumstances justify warrantless seizure if evidence is at risk of destruction
  • 82. Which type of warrant is specifically used to authorize the collection of computer data from an online account?
A) Warrant to Intercept Computer Data (WICD)
B) Warrant to Disclose Computer Data (WDCD)
C) Warrant to Search, Seize, and Examine Computer Data (WSSECD)
D) Warrant to Examine Computer Data (WECD)
E) Warrant to Disclose Computer Data (WDCD)
  • 83. In the chain of custody for digital evidence, which step ensures the authenticity of the evidence during trial?
A) Proper labeling and sealing of the storage device
B) Proper labeling and sealing of the storage device
C) Electronic signature by the prosecutor
D) Use of the latest antivirus software
E) Presentation by the arresting officer
  • 84. Which of the following best differentiates a Warrant to Intercept Computer Data (WICD) from a Warrant to Examine Computer Data (WECD)?
A) WICD involves real-time data interception; WECD involves stored data examination.
B) WICD applies to physical devices; WECD applies to social media accounts
C) Both are identical under RA 10175
D) WICD involves real-time data interception; WECD involves stored data examination.
E) WECD is issued only by the DOJ; WICD is issued by courts
  • 85. A police cyber investigator copies the contents of a USB drive using personal software. The hash value changes after copying. What is the most likely procedural error?
A) Failure to decrypt the files
B) Improper use of forensic imaging tools
C) Absence of a search warrant
D) Improper use of forensic imaging tools
E) Lack of data backup
  • 86. Which rule primarily governs the admissibility of digital evidence in Philippine courts?
A) Rule 115, Rules of Criminal Procedure
B) Evidence Act of 1989
C) Rule on Electronic Evidence (A.M. No. 01-7-01-SC)
D) Rule on Cybercrime Warrants (A.M. No. 17-11-03-SC)
E) Rule on Electronic Evidence (A.M. No. 01-7-01-SC)
  • 87. Which best describes the scope of the Warrant to Search, Seize, and Examine Computer Data (WSSECD)?
A) Combines the authority to search, seize, and examine physical and digital evidence.
B) Limited only to physical seizure of hardware
C) Applies only to social media posts
D) Combines the authority to search, seize, and examine physical and digital evidence.
E) Used exclusively for interception of live chats
  • 88. A cybercrime warrant was issued for a desktop computer but law enforcers also seized a tablet found near it. Which principle determines if such seizure is valid?
A) Exclusionary rule
B) Fruit of the poisonous tree
C) Adverse inference rule
D) Plain view doctrine
E) Plain view doctrine
  • 89. In the digital chain of custody, the first person to receive and mark the evidence is known as the:
A) First responder
B) Evidence originator
C) Evidence custodian
D) Evidence analyst
E) First responder
  • 90. When a court determines authenticity of digital evidence, it mainly requires proof of:
A) The reliability of the data source and integrity of the process used
B) The reliability of the data source and integrity of the process used
C) The volume of data stored
D) The number of digital copies produced
E) The encryption software used
  • 91. If an officer seizes a smartphone without isolating it from the network, what risk is most likely to compromise the investigation?
A) Device encryption failure
B) Remote wiping or alteration of data
C) Remote wiping or alteration of data
D) Increase in battery temperature
E) Delay in data extraction
  • 92. The hash value in digital forensics functions primarily to:
A) Verify that data has not been altered
B) Compress the file for storage
C) Encrypt the data for security
D) Translate binary codes to text
E) Verify that data has not been altered
  • 93. Which statement about incident response is most accurate?
A) It involves detection, containment, eradication, and recovery
B) It starts only after evidence collection
C) It excludes coordination with service providers
D) It is optional if a warrant has been issued
E) It involves detection, containment, eradication, and recovery
  • 94. When law enforcement requests user data from an ISP, which warrant is required?
A) WDCD
B) WECD
C) WSSECD
D) WICD
E) WDCD
  • 95. An officer extracts only partial logs from a computer due to limited time. During trial, the defense argues incompleteness. What principle governs admissibility here?
A) Best evidence rule
B) Res gestae rule
C) Plain view rule
D) Chain of custody rule
E) Best evidence rule
  • 96. The primary goal of incident response in cybercrime is to:
A) Contain the incident while preserving evidence integrity.
B) Delete malicious data
C) Immediately prosecute the offender
D) Contain the incident while preserving evidence integrity.
E) Disconnect all systems permanently
  • 97. A law enforcement agent fails to record the serial number of a seized device. What is compromised?
A) Jurisdiction of the court
B) Chain of custody documentation
C) Admissibility under RA 10175
D) Authority of the warrant
E) Chain of custody documentation
  • 98. When must a Warrant to Intercept Computer Data be executed after issuance?
A) Within ten (10) days from issuance, unless extended by the court
B) Within ten (10) days from issuance, unless extended by the court
C) Within twenty (20) days
D) Within one (1) year
E) Immediately and without limit
  • 99. Under the Rule on Electronic Evidence, how may the authenticity of an electronic document be proven?
A) By digital signature or other security procedures proving identity
B) By digital signature or other security procedures proving identity
C) By oral testimony of a witness alone
D) By certification from the ISP
E) By submission of printed copies
  • 100. Which among the following is NOT a valid type of Cybercrime Warrant under A.M. No. 17-11-03-SC?
A) Warrant to Block Access
B) Warrant to Disclose Computer Data
C) Warrant to Delete Computer Data
D) Warrant to Intercept Computer Data
E) Warrant to Delete Computer Data
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