- 1. Pharmacognosy is the study of medicinal drugs derived from plants, animals, and other natural sources. It involves the isolation, identification, and extraction of bioactive compounds from these sources, and the exploration of their potential therapeutic effects. Pharmacognosy combines knowledge from various disciplines like botany, chemistry, and pharmacology to understand the biological and chemical properties of natural substances. This field plays a crucial role in drug discovery, as many modern medicines have been developed or inspired by natural products. Researchers in pharmacognosy seek to uncover new drug candidates, study traditional medicinal practices, and promote the sustainable use of natural resources for therapeutic purposes.
What is pharmacognosy?
A) The study of synthetic drugs
B) The study of drugs derived from natural sources
C) The study of psychological effects of drugs
D) The study of drugs used in surgery
- 2. Which natural source is often used in pharmacognosy?
A) Plants
B) Fungi
C) Animals
D) Bacteria
- 3. What is the active constituent of a plant responsible for its medicinal properties called?
A) Vitamin
B) Antibody
C) Toxin
D) Phytochemical
- 4. Which of the following is a traditional medicine system based on the balancing of energies within the body?
A) Allopathy
B) Homeopathy
C) Naturopathy
D) Ayurveda
- 5. Which part of the plant is responsible for water and nutrient uptake from the soil?
A) Roots
B) Flowers
C) Leaves
D) Stems
- 6. What is the layer of cells, often found on the outer surface of a plant, that serves as protection called?
A) Xylem
B) Epidermis
C) Endodermis
D) Cambium
- 7. Which plant is known for its use in traditional Chinese medicine and contains artemisinin, a compound used to treat malaria?
A) Garlic
B) Ginseng
C) Echinacea purpurea
D) Artemisia annua
- 8. Which part of the plant is responsible for photosynthesis and the production of phytochemicals?
A) Flowers
B) Leaves
C) Seeds
D) Roots
- 9. Who first used the term 'pharmacognosy'?
A) A Greek scholar during the Hellenistic period
B) A Roman physician named Galen
C) Anotheus Seydler in 1820
D) Johann Adam Schmidt in his book Lehrbuch der Materia Medica in 1811
- 10. What recent advancements have expanded the field of pharmacognosy?
A) Advances in surgical techniques
B) Development of synthetic drugs
C) Improvements in drug packaging
D) Molecular and metabolomic levels
- 11. What is the mission of the Pharmacognosy Institute at the University of Illinois at Chicago?
A) Development of pharmaceutical equipment
B) Research on synthetic chemicals
C) Plant-based and plant-related health products for human health
D) Study of drug interactions in humans
- 12. Which class of chemical compounds contains a nitrogen ring?
A) Glycosides
B) Alkaloids
C) Terpenes
D) Polyphenols
- 13. Which compound is derived from the cinchona plant?
A) Digoxin
B) Inulin
C) THC
D) Quinine
- 14. Which class of compounds includes anthocyanins that give grapes their purple color?
A) Polyphenols
B) Glycosides
C) Alkaloids
D) Terpenes
- 15. What is the primary function of secondary metabolites in plants?
A) To serve specific functions like deterring predation or attracting pollinators
B) To provide energy for plant growth
C) To produce essential oils
D) To synthesize sugars and fats
- 16. Which compound is obtained from the poppy plant?
A) THC
B) Inulin
C) Morphine
D) Quinine
- 17. What are glycosides composed of?
A) Phenol rings
B) Terpenes
C) A sugar bound to a non-carbohydrate moiety
D) Nitrogen rings
- 18. Which class of compounds is modified to produce terpenoids?
A) Alkaloids
B) Polyphenols
C) Glycosides
D) Terpenes
- 19. What gives tea its astringency?
A) Anthocyanins
B) Isoflavones
C) Tannins
D) Carotenoids
- 20. Which compound is derived from the foxglove plant?
A) Quinine
B) Morphine
C) Digoxin
D) Inulin
- 21. What are phytoestrogens primarily found in?
A) Cinchona
B) Poppy
C) Dahlias
D) Soy
- 22. Which compounds are stored in plants as inactive glycosides?
A) Polyphenols for color
B) Primary metabolites like sugars and fats
C) Terpenes used for fragrance
D) Chemicals that can be activated by enzyme hydrolysis
- 23. What is the formula to calculate the stomatal index?
A) S.I. = (S × E) / 100
B) S.I. = (E - S) × 100
C) S.I. = (E / (S + E)) × 100
D) S.I. = (S / (E + S)) × 100
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