A) Molecular weight B) Atomic number C) Chemical composition D) Emission spectra
A) Glucose B) Water C) Oxygen D) NBD
A) Heavy metal ions in the center B) Electron-donating and withdrawing groups on opposite ends of an aromatic ring C) Absence of aromatic rings D) Symmetric electron groups on the same side
A) Dipole stabilization B) Molecular decay C) Photon absorption D) Solvent relaxation
A) 1–10 ns B) 1–10 seconds C) 0.5–3 ms D) 10–100 ps
A) Lipper-Mataga equation B) Einstein-Planck equation C) Stokes-Shift theorem D) Beer-Lambert law
A) Excitation and emission B) Hydrophobic and hydrophilic C) Fluorescent and phosphorescent D) Environment-sensitive and solvatochromic
A) 10–100 ps B) 100–500 ns C) 1–10 ns D) 0.5–3 ms
A) It becomes linear B) It becomes multiexponential C) It becomes shorter D) It disappears completely
A) Dapoxyl B) Cascade Yellow C) Pyrene D) Dansyl
A) 0.5 to 3 ms B) 1 to 10 ns C) 10 to 100 ps D) 10 to 50 μs
A) Simultaneous absorption of two low-energy photons B) Emitting two photons simultaneously C) Conversion of heat into light D) Absorption of a single high-energy photon
A) Faster solvent relaxation B) Larger Stokes shift changes in different solvents C) Smaller excitation energy D) Constant fluorescence intensity
A) No, these properties are independent B) Yes, solvatochromic dyes are always hydrophobic C) Yes, hydrophobic dyes are always solvatochromic D) Yes, they are synonymous
A) 1 to 10 ns B) 100 to 500 ms C) 0.5 to 3 ms D) 10 ns to 10 μs
A) 1600 nm B) 400 nm C) 200 nm D) 800 nm
A) Photodestruction lifetime B) Emission spectra C) Dipole moment D) Stokes shift
A) Polarity B) Pressure C) pH D) Temperature
A) Recurrent neural network B) Deep-convolutional neural network C) Generative adversarial network D) Support vector machine
A) A few seconds B) A few milliseconds C) A few nanoseconds D) A few microseconds
A) Energy remains unchanged during emission B) Emitted light has lower energy C) Emitted light has higher energy D) Emitted light has equal energy
A) Rapid transitions from a singlet state B) Enzymatic reaction on a substrate C) Lack of excitation light D) Forbidden transitions from a triplet state
A) Inorganic phosphorescence B) Biological chemiluminescence C) Fluorescence in living cells D) Radioactive emission
A) Transition metal-ligand complexes B) Pure organic fluorophores C) Simple inorganic salts D) Radioactive isotopes
A) Does not require radiological controls B) It does not change molecular properties C) It is naturally occurring in all cells D) It is always non-toxic
A) Lack of high-intensity lasers B) Fluorescence quenching C) Inability to detect low concentrations D) High cost of reagents
A) Interference with normal biological processes B) Excessive radiation emission C) Requiring constant dark conditions D) Inability to detect them in live cells
A) Fast radiative energy transfer B) Förster resonance energy transfer C) Fluorescence resonance electronic transition D) Fluorescence radiative emission technology
A) Radioactive decay of the protein B) The exact sequence of amino acids C) Contact between labeled proteins D) The mass of the protein
A) Applying chemical stains to all cells B) Directly measuring radiation from the cells C) Converting bright-field images into fluorescent images D) Using radioactive tracers
A) Radioactivity B) Fluorescence C) Phosphorescence D) Chemiluminescence
A) Extrinsic emission B) Autofluorescence C) Resonance activation D) Quantum fluorescence
A) NADH B) Water C) Glucose D) Adenosine triphosphate
A) Exponentially related B) Logarithmically related C) Directly proportional D) Inversely proportional
A) Excitation wavelength divided by emission wavelength B) Quantum yield multiplied by extinction coefficient C) Absorbed photons minus emitted photons D) Stokes shift plus lifetime
A) Hydroxyl B) Amino C) Carboxyl D) Thiol
A) Ionic lattice structures B) Proton transfer C) Delocalized electrons D) Metallic bonds
A) Iron, Cobalt, or Nickel B) Gold, Silver, or Copper C) Ruthenium, Rhenium, or Osmium D) Zinc, Magnesium, or Calcium
A) Click chemistry B) Hydrophobicity C) Succinimide coupling D) Maleimide conjugation
A) 2p orbits B) 3d orbits C) 4f orbits D) 5s orbits
A) DNA B) Phycoerythrin C) Green fluorescent protein D) NADH
A) Jellyfish enzymes B) Organic proteins C) Semiconductor nanoparticles D) Lipid membranes
A) Allophycocyanin B) Anthozoa C) Phytofluors D) Aequorea victoria
A) Upon folding via specific residues B) By absorbing glucose C) Through external heat application D) By binding to a metallic cofactor
A) Bacteria B) Fungi C) Mammalian skin D) Corals (Anthozoa)
A) Mixing quantum dots with GFP B) Using only one fluorophore for many samples C) Running qPCR without a fluorophore D) Monitoring multiple nucleic acid sequences simultaneously
A) Visualizing DNA replication sites B) Measuring cell division rates C) Calculating the volume of an organelle D) Studying protein-ligand binding
A) A radioactive isotope B) An enzyme C) A fluorophore D) A heavy metal ion
A) SYBR Green B) DAPI C) Rhodamine D) Fluorescein
A) Ethidium bromide B) Zinc protoporphyrin C) Hemoglobin D) Bilirubin
A) A monochromatic lens B) A pinhole C) A specialized laser filter D) A high-speed shutter
A) A quantitative, 3D view B) A 2D surface projection C) A real-time moving video D) A spectroscopic analysis |