- 1. Where was Tondo located geographically?
A) On the northern part of the Pasig River delta
B) In present-day Rizal province
C) In the center of Mindanao
D) Near the temple complex of Medang
- 2. What is the oldest known historical document in the Philippines?
A) The Ming Dynasty Chronicles
B) The Pasig River Treaty
C) Laguna Copperplate Inscription
D) The Records of Lakan
- 3. What was the title of the paramount ruler of Tondo?
A) Lakan
B) Sultan
C) Rajah
D) Datu
- 4. Who was appointed by the Yongle Emperor to oversee trade in Tondo?
A) Ko Ch'a-lao
B) Jayadewa
C) Namwaran
D) Bukah
- 5. To which caste did the Lakan of Tondo belong?
A) Maharlika
B) Alipin
C) Timawa
D) Maginoo
- 6. What primary occupations supported the people of Tondo?
A) Mining and metallurgy
B) Shipbuilding and weaving
C) Hunting and gathering
D) Farming and aquaculture
- 7. In what province was the fortified polity of Cainta located?
A) Manila
B) Rizal
C) Cavite
D) Laguna
- 8. What were the native cannons used by the people of Cainta called?
A) Culverins
B) Balisongs
C) Lantakas
D) Muskets
- 9. What feature protected the city of Cainta besides its stone bulwarks?
A) Iron gates
B) A vast desert
C) Bamboo thickets
D) Deep mountain ravines
- 10. What did the Lord of Pailah, Jayadewa, present in the year 900 CE?
A) A declaration of war
B) A document of debt forgiveness
C) A trade monopoly agreement
D) A marriage contract
- 11. Which polity arose as a confederation of local barangays?
A) Pailah
B) Namayan
C) Maynila
D) Tondo
- 12. Which site produced the oldest evidence of continuous habitation among Pasig-river polities?
A) Tondo
B) Santa Ana
C) Mt. Diwata
D) Cainta
- 13. During which centuries did Namayan reach its peak according to local tradition?
A) 8th–10th centuries
B) 15th–16th centuries
C) 11th–14th centuries
D) 17th–18th centuries
- 14. Tondo shared a trade monopoly with which other kingdom?
A) Kingdom of Maynila
B) Kingdom of Namayan
C) Kingdom of Cainta
D) Kingdom of Medang
- 15. Which foreign dynasty's products were central to the trade monopoly of Tondo?
A) Tang dynasty
B) Yuan dynasty
C) Qing dynasty
D) Ming dynasty
- 16. What is the date inscribed on the Laguna Copperplate Inscription?
A) 800 CE
B) 1000 CE
C) 1100 CE
D) 900 CE
- 17. What script is used in the Laguna Copperplate Inscription?
A) Kawi script
B) Baybayin script
C) Roman script
D) Sanskrit script
- 18. In the Laguna Copperplate Inscription, who was cleared of a debt?
A) The ruler of Tondo
B) Namwaran
C) Lady Angkatan
D) The ruler of Pila
- 19. Which science is shown to be used in precolonial society via the Laguna Copperplate?
A) Mathematics
B) Biology
C) Physics
D) Chemistry
- 20. What does the Laguna Copperplate suggest about precolonial Philippine astronomy?
A) Creation of solar eclipses
B) Tracking of comet cycles
C) Mapping of distant stars
D) Familiarity with moon phases
- 21. What is the name of the book written in the late 16th century at the start of the Spanish period?
A) Laguna Copperplate
B) Doctrina Christiana
C) Ivory Seal
D) Calatagan Pot
- 22. Where was the Ivory seal found?
A) Butuan
B) Cebu
C) Manila
D) Tondo
- 23. What does the text say about a unifying political state before 1000 CE?
A) It was divided into two kingdoms
B) It was ruled by a central emperor
C) It was governed by a single sultan
D) There was none
- 24. What were the semi-autonomous settlements in precolonial Philippines called?
A) Colonies
B) Provinces
C) Territories
D) Barangays
- 25. According to the text, who mentioned the Kingdom of Taytay in Palawan?
A) Nilo S. Ocampo
B) Antonio Pigafetta
C) The ruler of Tondo
D) The Sultan of Brunei
- 26. Who reported on the fierce warriors of the Chieftaincy of Coron Island?
A) Chinese explorers
B) Malay settlers
C) Indian merchants
D) Spanish missionaries
- 27. Which empire is mentioned as having influence over some Philippine regions?
A) French
B) British
C) Majapahit
D) Ottoman
- 28. Which indigenous groups initially established the Maritime Jade Road?
A) Indian traders
B) Chinese merchants
C) Spanish colonizers
D) Animist indigenous peoples
- 29. Besides the Philippines and Taiwan, what other country was part of the Maritime Jade Road expansion?
A) Japan
B) Australia
C) Korea
D) Vietnam
- 30. When did archeologists begin discovering jade artifacts in the Philippines?
A) Since the 1930s
B) Since the 1900s
C) Since the 1950s
D) Since the 1890s
- 31. Which of the following is considered a jade tool found in the Philippines?
A) Shield
B) Sword
C) Adze
D) Helmet
- 32. Which of the following is considered a jade ornament found in the Philippines?
A) Gold coin
B) Copper ring
C) Lingling-o earring
D) Iron crown
- 33. Where were tens of thousands of jade artifacts discovered?
A) Cebu
B) Davao
C) Manila
D) Batangas
- 34. Where did the jade used in the Maritime Jade Road originate?
A) Taiwan
B) China
C) Thailand
D) Vietnam
- 35. For how many years did the Maritime Jade Road exist?
A) 3,000 years
B) 2,000 years
C) 500 years
D) 1,000 years
- 36. How long did the era of near absolute peace last during the pre-colonial period?
A) 500 years
B) 1,000 years
C) 2,000 years
D) 1,500 years
- 37. When did burials with evidence of violent death first appear in the Philippines?
A) 15th century
B) 13th century
C) 16th century
D) 14th century
- 38. What did the Spanish observe when they arrived in the 16th century?
A) A unified empire
B) Only peaceful tribes
C) No signs of human habitation
D) Some warlike groups
- 39. To which species do the remains found in Callao Cave belong?
A) Homo habilis
B) Homo sapiens
C) Homo luzonensis
D) Homo erectus
- 40. Which group were the first inhabitants to settle in the prehistoric Philippines?
A) Papuans
B) Austronesians
C) Negritos
D) Austroasiatics
- 41. Which religion arrived in the Philippines from Arabia?
A) Hinduism
B) Islam
C) Buddhism
D) Christianity
- 42. Where did Ferdinand Magellan first land in the Philippines in 1521?
A) Mactan
B) Cebu
C) Homonhon Island
D) Palawan
- 43. Who led the army that killed Ferdinand Magellan in 1521?
A) Lapulapu
B) Emilio Aguinaldo
C) King Philip II
D) Miguel López de Legazpi
- 44. Who established the first permanent Spanish settlement in Cebu?
A) King Philip II
B) Ferdinand Magellan
C) Emilio Aguinaldo
D) Miguel López de Legazpi
- 45. After which Spanish monarch was the Philippines named?
A) King Ferdinand VII
B) King Philip V
C) King Philip II
D) King Charles V
- 46. Which law promised independence to the Philippines during the American period?
A) Philippine Commonwealth Act
B) Treaty of Manila
C) Jones Act
D) Insular Government Act
- 47. In what year was the Philippine Commonwealth established?
A) 1898
B) 1942
C) 1946
D) 1935
- 48. Which country occupied the Philippines starting in 1942?
A) United States
B) China
C) Japan
D) Spain
- 49. What type of tools were discovered near rhinoceros bones in Kalinga?
A) Stone tools
B) Iron weapons
C) Bronze artifacts
D) Metal tools
- 50. What was the primary nutrient-rich part of the animal consumed by early humans in Kalinga?
A) Muscle
B) Liver
C) Marrow
D) Heart
- 51. What is the name of the petroglyphs found in Rizal?
A) Kalinga Petroglyphs
B) Callao Petroglyphs
C) Tabon Petroglyphs
D) Angono Petroglyphs
- 52. Which linguistic family do the Malayo-Polynesian languages belong to?
A) Austroasiatic
B) Indo-European
C) Austronesian
D) Sino-Tibetan
- 53. The 'Out-of-Taiwan' model suggests that Austronesians expanded during which era?
A) Paleolithic
B) Iron Age
C) Neolithic
D) Bronze Age
- 54. Which domesticated animal was NOT shared by Austronesian cultures?
A) Chickens
B) Pigs
C) Horses
D) Dogs
- 55. Which of these is a cultural marker shared by Austronesian peoples?
A) Ice sculpture
B) Tattooing
C) Writing alphabets
D) Camel riding
- 56. Which Philippine group is known for its tribal dependence on hunter-gathering?
A) Ilongots
B) Isneg
C) Ifugao
D) Kalinga
- 57. Which of the following spices is specifically mentioned as coming from Southeast Asia in the text?
A) Black pepper
B) Saffron
C) Cinnamon
D) Turmeric
- 58. Which cave in the Philippines is identified as a site for Sa Huỳnh-Kalanay pottery?
A) Kalanay Cave
B) Gansang Cave
C) Tabon Caves
D) Callao Cave
- 59. According to the text, what did people from the kingdom of Langkasuka wear as early as 516–520 CE?
A) Cotton clothes made in Luzon
B) Silk robes from China
C) Leather armor
D) Woolen tunics
- 60. What did medieval Indian scholars call the Philippines?
A) Srivijaya
B) Luzones
C) Maharlika
D) Panyupayana
- 61. The historical period from 900 to 1565 AD is characterized by what political structure?
A) Colonial rule
B) Independent polities
C) A nomadic tribal system
D) A unified empire
- 62. Which empire is cited as having considerable evidence of trade with early Philippine polities?
A) Majapahit
B) Ottoman
C) Srivijaya
D) Roman
- 63. What was the social structure of early Philippine polities?
A) Three-tier
B) Two-tier
C) Classless
D) Four-tier
- 64. What was a leader of an autonomous social group called?
A) Emperor
B) Datu
C) Governor
D) Consul
- 65. What term was used for a senior or respected leader among Datus?
A) Paramount datu
B) Caliph
C) Shogun
D) Mandarin
- 66. What was the nature of politics during the 1300s in the Philippines?
A) Bureaucratic
B) Personality-driven
C) Theocratic
D) Technocratic
- 67. Who is the legendary figure associated with the founding of Kumintang?
A) Kamayin
B) Srivijaya
C) Chao Ju-kua
D) Gat Pulintan
- 68. In what year did Kumintang become a Spanish town?
A) 1581
B) 1576
C) 1406
D) 1225
- 69. What was Kumintang unofficially renamed to after it became a Spanish town?
A) Feng-chia-hsi-lan
B) Pangasinan
C) Lingayen
D) Batangan
- 70. In which historical text was Lingayen first mentioned in 1225?
A) Chu Fan Chih
B) The Japanese Chronicles
C) The Majapahit Logs
D) The Spanish Records
- 71. Who wrote the 'Chu Fan Chih'?
A) A Spanish missionary
B) Chao Ju-kua
C) Kamayin
D) Gat Pulintan
- 72. What was the Chinese name for Pangasinan in ancient records?
A) Feng-chia-hsi-lan
B) Mai
C) Li-ying-tung
D) Srivijaya
- 73. Who was the first tributary King of Pangasinan to send an envoy to China?
A) Gat Pulintan
B) The Emperor of Japan
C) Chao Ju-kua
D) Kamayin
- 74. What industry was Pangasinan notably famous for?
A) Salt-making
B) Porcelain painting
C) Silk production
D) Gunpowder manufacturing
- 75. What physical appearance trait did the people of Pangasinan find disgusting in foreigners?
A) Short hair
B) White teeth
C) Lack of silk clothing
D) Dark skin
- 76. What did the people of Pangasinan do to their teeth?
A) Blackened them
B) Painted them gold
C) Removed them
D) Filed them
- 77. Which weapons were encountered by the Spanish in naval battles in Pangasinan?
A) Japanese-style gunpowder weapons
B) Traditional wooden spears
C) Steel swords
D) Long-range cannons
- 78. Which Arab chronicler recorded the military competition between Muja and Ma-i in the 800s?
A) Chao Jukua
B) William Henry Scott
C) Marco Polo
D) Al Ya'akubi
- 79. What was the religion of the polity of Muja in the 800s according to the text?
A) Buddhist
B) Pagan/Hindu
C) Christian
D) Islamic
- 80. How often did Song dynasty traders visit Ma-i?
A) Every decade
B) Annually
C) Monthly
D) Rarely
- 81. What was the religion of the polity of Ma-i?
A) Animist
B) Islamic
C) Hindu
D) Buddhist
- 82. The polity of Ma-i traded with Japan and which other region?
A) Ryukyu
B) Vietnam
C) Korea
D) Thailand
- 83. What was the professional role of Chao Jukua?
A) Imperial historian
B) Customs inspector
C) Merchant prince
D) Naval commander
- 84. According to William Henry Scott, why was Ma-i different from other Philippine polities?
A) It had the strongest military
B) It controlled the most trade routes
C) It did not need Chinese imperial backing for commerce
D) It was the largest island
- 85. Which of these was an export product of Ma-i?
A) Yellow bees-wax
B) Gold bars
C) Porcelain
D) Silk
- 86. Which medicinal product was exported by Ma-i?
A) Ginger
B) Betel nuts
C) Ginseng
D) Turmeric
- 87. In which province of China was Chao Jukua an inspector?
A) Zhejiang
B) Yunnan
C) Guangdong
D) Fukien
- 88. Which Chinese text from 1225 records the existence of the nation of Sandao?
A) Chinese Annals
B) Maragtas
C) Zhufan zhi
D) Srivijaya Records
- 89. What is another name for the nation of Sandao?
A) Ibabao
B) Pulihuan
C) Sanyu
D) Ma-i
- 90. Where was the nation of Ma-i centered?
A) Mindoro
B) Samar
C) Palawan
D) Panay
- 91. According to the Chinese annals, which modern-day location corresponds to Balaoyou?
A) Palawan
B) Polillo
C) Manila
D) Calamian
- 92. Where was the polity of Pulilu centered?
A) Samar
B) Mindoro
C) Panay
D) Polillo, Quezon
- 93. What is the chief export of the polity of Pulilu?
A) Rare corals
B) Spices
C) Silk
D) Gold
- 94. Who identified the Pi-sho-ye raiders as people from Ibabao?
A) Antonio Pigafetta
B) Chao Ju-Kua
C) Efren B. Isorena
D) Pedro Monetclaro
- 95. The Pi-sho-ye raids on southern China occurred between which years?
A) 1400–1410
B) 1220–1230
C) 1174–1190
D) 1082–1100
- 96. From whom did the ten datus purchase the island of Panay?
A) Rajah Makatunaw
B) Marikudo
C) Sultan Muhammad Shah
D) Datu Puti
- 97. What was the name of the confederation established by the ten datus?
A) Srivijaya
B) Madja-as
C) Odtojan
D) Vijayapura
- 98. Who identified Rajah Makatunao as Rajah Tugau of the Melano nation?
A) Efren B. Isorena
B) Pedro Monetclaro
C) Robert Nicholl
D) Chao Ju-Kua
- 99. Where was the city of Odtojan located?
A) Samar
B) Borneo
C) Mindoro
D) Panay
- 100. What is the precolonial name for the eastern coast of Samar?
A) Balaoyou
B) Pulihuan
C) Ibabao
D) Madja-as
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