A) Klf4, c-Myc, and Oct4 B) OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG C) PRC1, PRC2, and Oct4 D) Sox2, Nanog, and TrxG
A) Suppression of NANOG B) Neural ectodermal fate C) Mesendodermal fate D) Maintenance of pluripotency
A) NANOG B) Klf4 C) SOX2 D) OCT4
A) Trimethylation of H3K4 B) Mono-ubiquitinylation of H2A C) Histone acetylation D) Di- and tri-methylation of H3K27
A) Promoting gene activation B) Catalyzing mono-ubiquitinylation of H2AK119 C) Maintaining pluripotency D) Trimethylation of H3K4
A) Increased expression of lineage-affiliated genes B) Stable maintenance of pluripotency C) Inhibition of TrxG recruitment D) Decreased differentiation potential
A) Trithorax group (TrxG) proteins B) Histone methyltransferases C) RNA polymerase II D) Pioneer factors
A) Demethylation of H3K27 B) Trimethylation of H3K4 C) Mono-ubiquitinylation of H2A D) Tri-methylation of H3K27
A) Constitutive high expression B) Permanent silencing of all genes C) High levels of DNA methylation D) Competition between PcG and TrxG complexes
A) It suppresses NANOG but not SOX2 B) Decreased levels of SOX2 promote neural ectodermal fate C) Increased levels of SOX2 promote neural ectodermal fate D) It has no effect on germ layer selection
A) They cannot maintain the differentiated phenotype B) They cannot initiate differentiation C) They are forced into a neural fate D) They express excessive amounts of NANOG
A) It is not expressed in the presence of SOX2 B) It has no function regarding neural fate C) It promotes neural ectodermal genes D) It actively suppresses neural ectodermal genes
A) Excessive gene expression B) Over-differentiation of cells C) Dedifferentiation as an aberration D) Loss of cell culture ability
A) A gene regulatory network B) A type of stem cell C) A purine analog D) A protein found in worms
A) How cells revert to an earlier stage B) The effects of purine analogs on human immunity C) The random selection of genes for expression D) How developmental mechanisms interact to produce morphogenesis
A) A Darwinian selective process occurring among cells B) The change in cell shape in the laboratory C) A predefined genetic roadmap D) The administration of chemical analogs
A) Archaea B) Viruses C) Plants D) Prions
A) Stochasticity B) Integration C) Morphogenesis D) Redifferentiation
A) Stem cells B) Specialized neurons C) Muscle fibers D) Cancerous tumors
A) Five B) Three C) Two D) Four
A) 37.2 billion B) 3.72 trillion C) 37.2 trillion D) 3.72 billion
A) Monoploid B) Haploid C) Diploid D) Polyploid
A) Blastula B) Zygote C) Blastocyst D) Gastrula
A) Virtually all human body tissues B) An entire organism C) Only skin cells D) Only neural tissue
A) Multipotent B) Pluripotent C) Unipotent D) Totipotent
A) Endoderm B) Ectoderm C) Blastoderm D) Mesoderm
A) Ectoderm B) Epidermis C) Endoderm D) Mesoderm
A) Mesoderm B) Endoderm C) Dermis D) Ectoderm
A) Only after reaching adulthood B) Multiple times during development C) Only when the organism is injured D) Only during the embryonic stage
A) Natural selection B) Epigenetics C) Genetic mutation D) DNA recombination
A) Yes, during aging B) Yes, always C) Yes, in stem cells only D) No
A) Terminal differentiation B) Pluripotency C) Totipotency D) Self-renewal
A) Cell potency B) Cell size C) Cell membrane thickness D) Cell metabolic rate
A) Unipotent B) Totipotent C) Pluripotent D) Multipotent
A) Permanent cell cycle arrest B) Differentiating into all cell types C) Self-renewal D) Creating placental tissue
A) Dormant receptors B) Growth factors C) Regulatory enzymes D) Cytoskeletal proteins
A) Competence B) Induction C) Dormancy D) Asymmetry
A) Asymmetrically expressed maternal cytoplasmic determinants or signaling B) The lack of enzymatic activity in the receptor C) The uniform distribution of regulatory molecules D) The absence of phosphorylation cascades
A) RNA molecules B) Ligands C) Growth factors D) Receptors
A) Drosophila B) Cave-dwelling fish C) Surface-dwelling fish D) Volvox
A) Linear attractor B) Random attractor C) Progenitor attractor D) Strange attractor
A) Plants B) Unicellular eukaryotes C) Bacteria D) Mammals
A) Entirely novel and unique to animals B) Convergent with bacterial systems C) Evolutionarily conserved D) Randomly evolved
A) Darwin and Wallace B) Mendel and Morgan C) Lister R, et al. D) Watson and Crick
A) 40% B) 80% C) 20% D) 60%
A) 30% B) 60% C) 80% D) 50%
A) 88 B) 44 C) 56 D) 1175
A) 51-56% B) 44-49% C) 1.5% D) 88%
A) 44-49% B) 80% C) 51-56% D) 12%
A) 88% B) 44% C) 46% D) 56%
A) 49% B) 51% C) 46% D) 88%
A) Histone acetyltransferase B) Histone deacetylase C) Pioneer factors D) DNA methyltransferase
A) Increases chromatin accessibility B) Promotes active transcription C) Reverses histone acetylation D) Maintains heritable repression
A) Deacetylated nucleosomes B) H3K27me3-carrying C) Heterochromatic nucleosomes D) H3K4me3-carrying
A) Nucleotide sequence order B) RNA interference C) Total DNA quantity D) Chromatin accessibility
A) DNA methylation profiling B) Histone acetylation mapping C) Apoptosis assay D) Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay
A) Heterochromatin B) Methylated euchromatin C) Euchromatin D) Pioneer chromatin
A) Histone acetyltransferases B) DNA methyltransferases C) Histone demethylases D) Histone deacetylases
A) DNA methylation B) Histone deacetylation C) H3K4me3 D) H3K27me3
A) Tightly bound B) Transcriptionally inactive C) Loosely bound D) Always permanently repressed
A) Guanine B) Adenine C) Cytosine D) Lysine
A) Mi-2/NuRD complex. B) Smad complex. C) PcG complex. D) Jak-STAT3 complex.
A) Increased apoptosis. B) Decreased proliferation. C) Rapid differentiation. D) Increased proliferation.
A) Jak-STAT3 pathway. B) Notch signaling. C) Bmi1 signaling. D) Sonic hedgehog pathway.
A) KDM1A. B) BMI1. C) STAT3. D) OCT4.
A) Random cellular movement. B) Genetic mutation rates. C) Oxygen concentration levels. D) Mechanical signalling by the cytoskeleton.
A) Smad proteins. B) H3K27me3. C) Wnt3a. D) OCT4.
A) Mitochondria B) Focal adhesions C) Cell nuclei D) Ribosomes
A) Actin filaments B) Non-muscle myosin IIa-c C) Microtubules D) Keratin filaments
A) Chemokine B) Bicellum C) Blebbistatin D) RhoA
A) IIc B) IIa C) IIb D) IId
A) Fifty million years B) Two billion years C) Five hundred million years D) One billion years
A) Arctic glaciers B) Deep ocean trenches C) Freshwater lakes D) Volcanic vents
A) Skin epidermis B) Bone marrow C) Muscle tissue D) Brain tissue
A) Stem-cell like properties B) Bone mineralization C) Muscle fiber properties D) Brain neuronal activity
A) Cell wall B) Endoplasmic reticulum C) Actin network D) Nuclear envelope |