- 1. What does the term 'de jure' segregation refer to?
A) Separation based on personal preference only
B) Separation that ended before the Civil War
C) Separation mandated by law
D) Separation that occurs without legal sanction
- 2. In what year were the U.S. Armed Forces desegregated?
A) 1896
B) 1948
C) 1964
D) 1954
- 3. Which Supreme Court case established the 'separate but equal' doctrine?
A) Plessy v. Ferguson
B) Dred Scott v. Sandford
C) Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
D) Brown v. Board of Education
- 4. What was the result of the 1857 Dred Scott v. Sandford case?
A) Jim Crow laws were abolished
B) Black people were found not to be U.S. citizens
C) The Civil Rights Act of 1875 was upheld
D) Segregation in schools was declared unconstitutional
- 5. Which 1954 court case unanimously overturned segregation in public schools?
A) Plessy v. Ferguson
B) Brown v. Board of Education
C) Civil Rights Cases
D) Dred Scott v. Sandford
- 6. What type of laws prohibited interracial marriage?
A) Anti-miscegenation laws
B) Slave codes
C) Black Codes
D) Jim Crow laws
- 7. What is 'de facto' segregation?
A) Segregation mandated by written law
B) Segregation mandated by the Supreme Court
C) Segregation that exists without legal sanction
D) Segregation enforced by the military
- 8. Which act outlawed de jure segregation in 1964?
A) Fair Housing Act of 1968
B) Voting Rights Act of 1965
C) Civil Rights Act of 1964
D) Civil Rights Act of 1875
- 9. According to the text, what happened to the Civil Rights Act of 1875?
A) It was enforced until 1964
B) It was overturned by the Supreme Court in 1883
C) It mandated desegregation in the armed forces
D) It was upheld by Plessy v. Ferguson
- 10. Before the Civil War, what were the laws called that mandated separation of races?
A) Anti-miscegenation laws
B) Jim Crow laws
C) Black Codes
D) Slave codes
- 11. Which case helped bring an end to Jim Crow laws?
A) Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
B) Dred Scott v. Sandford
C) Plessy v. Ferguson
D) Brown v. Board of Education
- 12. What is one example of a field where de facto segregation continues to exist?
A) Military service
B) Interracial marriage
C) Residential segregation
D) Public transportation
- 13. What were the laws that enforced segregation following the Civil War called?
A) Black Codes and Jim Crow laws
B) Slave codes
C) Civil Rights acts
D) Anti-miscegenation acts
- 14. Who typically led the black units in the U.S. Armed Forces before 1948?
A) Civilians
B) Black officers
C) Elected officials
D) White officers
- 15. What was the nature of educational opportunities for black people during the antebellum era?
A) Abundant
B) Restricted
C) Equal to white students
D) Government mandated
- 16. Which city established the African Free School in the 18th century?
A) Boston
B) Philadelphia
C) New York City
D) New Haven
- 17. Who was jailed for violating a Black Law after opening her school to African American girls?
A) Richard Humphreys
B) Samuel Powers Emlen Jr
C) David Daggett
D) Prudence Crandall
- 18. In which town was the Canterbury Female Boarding School located?
A) Canaan, New Hampshire
B) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
C) Canterbury, Connecticut
D) Boston, Massachusetts
- 19. Who was a co-founder of Yale Law School and opposed schools for African Americans?
A) Richard Humphreys
B) Samuel Powers Emlen Jr
C) David Daggett
D) Prudence Crandall
- 20. Which institution did Richard Humphreys provide funds to establish in Philadelphia?
A) African Free School
B) Noyes Academy
C) Institute for Colored Youth
D) Canterbury Female Boarding School
- 21. Which early school was known for being one of the first to integrate?
A) Howard University
B) Shaw University
C) Fisk University
D) Oberlin Academy
- 22. Who was the California superintendent of schools who expressed opposition to racial integration?
A) Abraham Lincoln
B) Frederick Douglass
C) Andrew Moulder
D) Andrew Johnson
- 23. Until what decade did school and housing segregation last in Colorado?
A) 1920s
B) 1960s
C) 1900s
D) 1880s
- 24. In what year were public schools integrated in Portland, Oregon?
A) 1867
B) 1872
C) 1875
D) 1890
- 25. What amendment ratified in 1870 granted African Americans the right to vote?
A) Sixteenth Amendment
B) Thirteenth Amendment
C) Fourteenth Amendment
D) Fifteenth Amendment
- 26. What happened to public school funding after Southern Democrats regained power in the mid-1870s?
A) They eliminated public schools entirely
B) They increased funding
C) They made the schools tuition-free
D) They sharply cut funding
- 27. Which organization supported the development of Fisk University and Shaw University?
A) The Southern Democratic Party
B) The Republican Party
C) American Missionary Association
D) The federal government
- 28. What was Howard University's status during the post-Civil War period?
A) Private, federally chartered institution
B) State-funded Southern college
C) Missionary primary school
D) Public secondary school
- 29. When did federal troops withdraw from the South, ending Reconstruction?
A) 1910
B) 1867
C) 1890
D) 1877
- 30. What term did Southern conservatives use to describe themselves after regaining control?
A) Redeemers
B) Federalists
C) Republicans
D) Missionaries
- 31. When did Jim Crow segregation begin to appear?
A) 1860s
B) 1920s
C) 1900s
D) 1880s
- 32. By what year was segregation firmly established across the South?
A) 1900
B) 1877
C) 1910
D) 1890
- 33. Approximately how many schools did churches operate for black people across the South in 1900?
A) 46000
B) 100
C) 247
D) 1600
- 34. What phrase was used to describe the legal requirement for separate facilities for different races?
A) Jim Crow equality
B) Equal opportunity
C) Integrated standards
D) Separate but equal
- 35. In 1913, which President allowed the segregation of federal workplaces?
A) Harry Truman
B) Theodore Roosevelt
C) Woodrow Wilson
D) Franklin D. Roosevelt
- 36. What system was used by the Home Owners' Loan Corporation to determine loan eligibility?
A) Income tax mapping
B) Redlining maps
C) Property appraisal quotas
D) Zoning ordinances
- 37. What did the federal government require neighborhood building projects to be in order to be federally backed?
A) Integrated by law
B) Explicitly segregated
C) Economically diverse
D) Affordable for all races
- 38. What were the agreements called that banned white homeowners from selling their homes to Black buyers?
A) Neighborhood integration pacts
B) Fair housing acts
C) Suburban zoning laws
D) Racially restrictive covenants
- 39. What was the term used for the federally-funded housing that replaced homes destroyed by highway construction?
A) Public estates
B) The suburbs
C) The projects
D) Integrated residential zones
- 40. Which agency operated the largest relief program of the New Deal, which also featured segregated units?
A) Civilian Conservation Corps
B) Federal Housing Administration
C) National Youth Administration
D) Works Progress Administration
- 41. Which President issued Executive Order 8802, the first anti-discrimination order at the federal level?
A) Harry Truman
B) Franklin D. Roosevelt
C) Woodrow Wilson
D) Herbert Hoover
- 42. Which President issued Executive Order 9981 to provide for desegregation of the armed forces?
A) Franklin D. Roosevelt
B) Harry Truman
C) Dwight Eisenhower
D) John F. Kennedy
- 43. How many dimensions of residential segregation did Massey and Denton identify in their 1988 study?
A) Ten
B) Five
C) Three
D) Seven
- 44. Which of the following is NOT one of the five dimensions of segregation identified by Massey and Denton?
A) Evenness
B) Centralization
C) Clustering
D) Migration
- 45. What is the phenomenon called when different minority groups are gathered into a single space, often leading to a 'hyperghetto'?
A) Concentration
B) Centralization
C) Clustering
D) Evenness
- 46. Which dimension relates to the actual amount of land a minority group lives on within a city?
A) Clustering
B) Exposure
C) Evenness
D) Concentration
- 47. What event is credited with sparking the modern Civil Rights Movement in December 1955?
A) The passage of the Civil Rights Act
B) The Montgomery bus boycott
C) The desegregation of schools
D) The march on Washington
- 48. When was the first explicit anti-miscegenation law passed in the American colonies?
A) 1691
B) 1776
C) 1924
D) 1858
- 49. What was the subject of the 1958 case involving Mildred and Richard Loving?
A) Public housing access
B) Interracial marriage
C) Voting rights
D) School segregation
- 50. What was the nickname of the 369th Infantry Regiment during World War I?
A) Harlem Hellfighters
B) The Rough Riders
C) Tuskegee Airmen
D) The Buffalo Soldiers
- 51. Which executive order ended segregation in the U.S. Armed Forces?
A) Executive Order 9066
B) Executive Order 9981
C) The Emancipation Proclamation
D) The Civil Rights Act
- 52. Which prison was the subject of the federal court case Gates v. Collier?
A) Alcatraz
B) Sing Sing
C) Mississippi State Penitentiary at Parchman
D) San Quentin
- 53. What journal was founded in 1960 and is known for publishing scientific racism?
A) The Southern Review
B) The American Academic
C) The Mankind Quarterly
D) The Heritage Journal
- 54. Who introduced a resolution preventing ALA staff from attending segregated state chapter meetings in 1964?
A) The St. Helena Four
B) E. J. Josey
C) Benjamin Tillman
D) The Tougaloo College students
- 55. What library was built by African Americans in Savannah, Georgia, in 1914?
A) Auburn Regional Library
B) East Henry Street Carnegie Library
C) Jackson Public Library
D) Stuart Training School Library
- 56. What practice was used to negate the voting power of African Americans when they voted in significant numbers?
A) Exclusion from public parks
B) Direct bribery
C) Systematic gerrymandering
D) Compulsory military service
- 57. What was the name of the group of teenagers who attempted to use the Auburn Regional Library in Louisiana?
A) The Tougaloo Nine
B) The Carnegie Activists
C) The St. Helena Four
D) The Palm Beach Group
- 58. Which city is mentioned as a former sundown town where Martin Luther King Jr. marched?
A) Seattle, Washington
B) Cicero, Illinois
C) Boston, Massachusetts
D) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- 59. Which state went further than Southern states by excluding blacks from entering or owning property?
A) Oregon
B) Illinois
C) Indiana
D) New Jersey
- 60. In what decade did restrictive covenants become widespread?
A) 1950s
B) 1840s
C) 1900s
D) 1920s
- 61. What organization led lawsuits in the 1940s that depleted school segregation in several Northern states?
A) NAACP
B) Vigilance committees
C) Abolitionist societies
D) Congress of Industrial Organizations
- 62. What percentage of housing projects built after World War II were racially restricted by covenants?
A) Twenty-five percent
B) Ten percent
C) Ninety percent
D) Fifty percent
- 63. What did Northern blacks develop to protect their communities from violence and hostility?
A) State militias
B) Labor unions
C) Restrictive covenants
D) Vigilance committees
- 64. Which state officially repealed its school segregation law in 1949?
A) Indiana
B) New York
C) Oregon
D) Massachusetts
- 65. What was the approximate black population percentage in Oregon as of 2017?
A) 20%
B) 2%
C) 10%
D) 5%
- 66. What type of job opportunities were often denied to blacks in the North?
A) Agricultural labor
B) Domestic service
C) Skilled building trades
D) Unskilled factory work
- 67. Which group was primarily targeted by racial segregation in Alaska?
A) Asian immigrants
B) European laborers
C) African Americans
D) Alaska Natives
- 68. Who was the Tlingit woman who argued against segregation to Alaska's governor in 1941?
A) Alberta Schenck
B) Harriet Tubman
C) Elizabeth Peratrovich
D) Rosa Parks
- 69. In 1944, who staged a sit-in at a whites-only theater in Nome, Alaska?
A) Kenny Washington
B) Alberta Schenck
C) Elizabeth Peratrovich
D) Jack Johnson
- 70. In what sport was segregation enforced starting in 1900, despite previous success by African American jockeys?
A) Baseball
B) Boxing
C) Horse racing
D) Basketball
- 71. Which boxer became the first African American to win the World Heavyweight Title in 1908?
A) Joe Louis
B) Muhammad Ali
C) Jack Johnson
D) Max Schmeling
- 72. Who was the first African American to play for a professional football team in 1904?
A) Woody Strode
B) Marion Motley
C) Kenny Washington
D) Charles Follis
- 73. In what year did the NFL completely segregate its league after previously having a limited integration policy?
A) 1920
B) 1933
C) 1904
D) 1946
- 74. Which team did Jackie Robinson join in 1947, breaking the baseball color line?
A) Brooklyn Dodgers
B) Chicago Studebakers
C) Cleveland Browns
D) Shelby Blues
- 75. What was a major consequence of efforts to desegregate public swimming pools during the mid-20th century?
A) Many municipalities closed their facilities
B) All swimming pools became integrated
C) Swimming pools were privatized
D) New swimming programs were mandated
- 76. The PGA of America had a bylaws article restricting membership to which group until 1961?
A) North American citizens
B) The African American race
C) Amateur golfers only
D) The Caucasian race
- 77. How many states had no segregation laws in effect by the end of 1949?
A) 15
B) 30
C) 18
D) 20
- 78. What is the most common and devastating form of redlining?
A) Grocery store placement
B) Internet service provision
C) Access to public transportation
D) Mortgage discrimination
- 79. Which area of life is racial segregation most pronounced in the United States?
A) Education
B) Employment
C) Transportation
D) Housing
- 80. What is the practice called when real estate agents make assumptions about where a client should live based on their race?
A) Steering
B) Gentrification
C) White flight
D) Redlining
- 81. Who argues that persistent segregation supports the use of African American English while endangering its speakers?
A) Arthur Spears
B) Massey and Denton
C) The US Census Bureau
D) William Labov
- 82. What term have some sociologists used to describe the persistence of residential segregation?
A) Cultural ghettoization
B) Systemic inequality
C) Economic displacement
D) Hypersegregation
- 83. Which group experiences the least amount of residential segregation according to the text?
A) Native Americans
B) Hispanics
C) Asians
D) African Americans
- 84. What is a result of businesses leaving segregated neighborhoods?
A) Higher property values
B) Increased tax base
C) Better educational funding
D) Job shortage
- 85. According to the text, what has been the trend of residential segregation since 1980?
A) Total elimination
B) Stagnation
C) Overall decline
D) Overall increase
- 86. What is a common discriminatory practice landlords use to favor one race over another?
A) Lying about housing availability
B) Mandatory background checks for everyone
C) Providing free moving services
D) Hostile greeting
- 87. When did the first meeting to establish black-owned banks take place?
A) 1888
B) 1903
C) 1890
D) 1851
- 88. Approximately how many black-owned banks were created during the peak growth period mentioned?
A) 5
B) 60
C) 35
D) 20
- 89. What was the expected life span of black-owned banks during the period when many were closing?
A) Five years
B) Thirty-five years
C) Nine years
D) Twenty years
- 90. What challenge did African Americans face after migrating to northern urban areas?
A) Extreme climate conditions
B) Lack of transportation
C) High tax rates
D) High unemployment rates
- 91. According to Gregory D. Squires, what industry has been affected by race for a long time?
A) Technology
B) Insurance
C) Agriculture
D) Telecommunications
- 92. Who refused to give up her seat on a Montgomery, Alabama bus, sparking a challenge to segregation?
A) James Farmer
B) Robert F. Kennedy
C) Martin Luther King Jr.
D) Rosa Parks
- 93. In 1961, what was the name of the mixed-race group that traveled on buses from D.C. to New Orleans?
A) Equality Marchers
B) Civil Rights Crusaders
C) Freedom Riders
D) Interstate Travelers
- 94. Which U.S. attorney general eventually urged the Interstate Commerce Commission to desegregate bus facilities?
A) Ronald Reagan
B) John F. Kennedy
C) Robert F. Kennedy
D) James Farmer
- 95. What is the primary factor often used by real estate agents to entice white buyers into areas surrounding the inner city?
A) Property tax rates
B) Proximity to parks
C) Public transportation access
D) School racial composition
- 96. Who wrote the 2005 book 'The Shame of the Nation: The Restoration of Apartheid Schooling in America'?
A) Roland G. Fryer Jr.
B) James Farmer
C) Jonathan Kozol
D) Eric Hanushek
- 97. What is the term used to describe when racial groups in specific areas are affected more frequently by disease?
A) Epidemic injustice
B) Environmental racism
C) Social isolation
D) Health disparity
- 98. Which infectious disease is specifically mentioned as spreading more frequently due to overcrowded living conditions?
A) Pneumonia
B) Influenza
C) Tuberculosis
D) Malaria
- 99. What is one reason healthcare is not accessible to many inner-city residents?
A) High quality of local clinics
B) Lack of medical interest
C) Government bans
D) Geographic location
- 100. As of 1993, how much more likely were young African American men to be shot to death than their white peers?
A) Eleven times more likely
B) Nine times more likely
C) Twice as likely
D) Five times more likely
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