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Slavery in ancient Rome - Quiz
Contributed by: Simmons
  • 1. What did freed slaves generally become?
A) Foreigners
B) Gladiators
C) Senators
D) Citizens
  • 2. What rights did freed slaves categorized as dediticii hold?
A) No rights
B) Only voting rights
C) Full rights
D) Property rights
  • 3. Who called the status of dediticius "the worst kind of freedom"?
A) Cicero
B) Caracalla
C) Augustus
D) Gaius
  • 4. How were dediticii treated if they came within a hundred miles of Rome?
A) Subject to reenslavement
B) Granted full citizenship
C) Executed immediately
D) Imprisoned indefinitely
  • 5. When was Roman citizenship granted to all free inhabitants of the empire by Caracalla?
A) AD 212
B) AD 476
C) AD 312
D) AD 100
  • 6. Were dediticii included in Caracalla's universal grant of Roman citizenship?
A) No
B) Only if they paid a tax
C) Only if they lived in Rome
D) Yes
  • 7. With whom were manumitted slaves who had been treated as criminals counted as a potential threat?
A) Roman senators
B) Enemies defeated in war
C) Freed gladiators
D) Foreign merchants
  • 8. What Latin phrase describes the origins of slaves in ancient Rome?
A) caveat emptor
B) carpe diem
C) vini vidi vici
D) servi aut nascuntur aut fiunt
  • 9. What does "servi aut nascuntur aut fiunt" mean in English?
A) Slaves are bought and sold
B) Slaves are either born or made
C) All people are born free
D) War creates all slaves
  • 10. What were slaves born to a slave woman within a household or farm called?
A) Vernae
B) Gladiators
C) Freedmen
D) Dediticii
  • 11. Which of the following was a cause of enslavement in the ancient Roman world?
A) Voluntary retirement
B) Inheriting property
C) Warfare
D) Political election
  • 12. Which illegal activity besides warfare contributed to people becoming enslaved?
A) Counterfeiting coins
B) Smuggling goods
C) Tax evasion
D) Piracy and kidnapping
  • 13. What childhood circumstance could lead to enslavement according to the text?
A) Failing school
B) Orphaned parents
C) Running away
D) Child abandonment
  • 14. What did some scholars suggest freeborn people occasionally did regarding slavery?
A) Sold themselves into slavery
B) Fought against slaveholders
C) Lobbied to abolish slavery
D) Bought their freedom early
  • 15. Which of the following punishments marked a slave as a criminal?
A) Freeing them early
B) Placing them in chains
C) Giving them extra food
D) Promoting them to overseer
  • 16. Which body modification marked a slave as a criminal?
A) Tattooing or branding
B) Wearing a ring
C) Piercing ears
D) Cutting hair short
  • 17. What method of interrogation made a master's slaves categorized as dediticii upon manumission?
A) Questioning them in public
B) Asking them to swear an oath
C) Torturing them to confess a crime
D) Exiling them temporarily
  • 18. Where might a master involuntarily send a slave as a criminal punishment?
A) A farming academy
B) A public library
C) A gladiatorial school
D) A political senate
  • 19. What was the Latin term for a gladiatorial school?
A) Ludus
B) Villa
C) Servi
D) Domus
  • 20. What arena combat might criminal slaves be condemned to fight in?
A) With gladiators or wild beasts
B) Against foreign armies
C) In naval battles
D) In chariot races
  • 21. What Latin term refers to a household?
A) Dediticius
B) Villa
C) Domus
D) Ludus
  • 22. What Latin term refers to a family farm or agricultural estate?
A) Verna
B) Domus
C) Ludus
D) Villa
  • 23. How is the relative proportion of the causes of enslavement viewed by modern scholars?
A) It was entirely caused by warfare
B) It is hard to determine and remains debated
C) It was solely caused by child abandonment
D) It is completely known and undisputed
  • 24. What was the legal status of freed slaves who had been treated as criminals by their masters?
A) Plebeians
B) Vernae
C) Patricians
D) Dediticii
  • 25. What opportunity did skilled and educated slaves have that unskilled slaves generally lacked?
A) Becoming the head of a Roman household
B) Automatic elevation to elite Roman status
C) Obtaining freedom through well-defined paths
D) Exemption from all forms of physical labor
  • 26. Which groups were especially vulnerable to kidnapping and piracy from the 2nd century BC through late antiquity?
A) Foreign merchants traveling alone
B) Wealthy landowners in rural estates
C) Members of the Roman senatorial class
D) Children of poor families
  • 27. When did a period of major slave rebellions end with the defeat of Spartacus?
A) 71 BC
B) 450 BC
C) 2nd century AD
D) 396 BC
  • 28. What was the most concerted form of policing in the Roman Empire regarding slaves?
A) Border patrols against foreign kidnappers
B) Fugitive slave-hunting
C) Routine census tracking
D) Inspection of marketplace transactions
  • 29. According to Dionysius of Halicarnassus, to what legendary time did the master's right over household dependents date back?
A) The end of the Punic Wars
B) The drafting of the Twelve Tables
C) The reign of Servius Tullius
D) The time of Romulus
  • 30. Who was said to have been the son of a slave woman according to Roman tradition?
A) Pliny the Elder
B) Servius Tullius, the sixth king of Rome
C) Romulus, the legendary founder of Rome
D) Spartacus the rebel leader
  • 31. What is the traditional date of the Twelve Tables, the earliest Roman legal code?
A) 71 BC
B) 451/450 BC
C) 396 BC
D) 265 BC
  • 32. What term is used in the Twelve Tables to refer to freedmen?
A) Paterfamilias
B) Cives Romani liberti
C) Dominus dominium
D) Liberi gentes
  • 33. According to Ulpian's tripartite division of law, under which category are all human beings born free?
A) The ius gentium
B) The Twelve Tables
C) Natural law
D) Civil law
  • 34. Which wars produced the most dramatic surge in the number of Roman slaves?
A) The campaigns of Servius Tullius
B) The conflicts during the late Imperial era
C) The wars against the Etruscan cities
D) The first two Punic Wars
  • 35. What was the Latin word used for 'master' in relation to controlling the household domain?
A) Familia
B) Paterfamilias
C) Libertus
D) Dominus
  • 36. What permitted debt slavery under harsh terms in early Rome?
A) The Sasanian Empire
B) The treaty of Flamininus
C) The Twelve Tables
D) The ius gentium
  • 37. Who enslaved Roman war captives in large numbers during the Second Punic War?
A) Marcus Crassus
B) Flamininus
C) Shapur I
D) Hannibal
  • 38. To whom did Hannibal sell the Roman prisoners of war after the Battle of Cannae?
A) The Sasanian Empire
B) The Greeks
C) The Parthians
D) The Romans
  • 39. How many years of slavery did the survivors of Cannae endure before being recovered?
A) Ten years
B) Some twenty years
C) Over forty years
D) About five years
  • 40. Who captured 10,000 Roman survivors after the defeat of Marcus Crassus?
A) The Greeks
B) The Sasanians
C) The Parthians
D) The Carthaginians
  • 41. Who imagined the Roman prisoners from Carrhae married to barbarian women about thirty years after the battle?
A) The emperor Hadrian
B) The historian Shapur I
C) The Augustan poet Horace
D) The commander Flamininus
  • 42. Who became the first Roman emperor to be held captive after his defeat at the Battle of Edessa?
A) Valerian
B) Hadrian
C) Shapur I
D) Marcus Crassus
  • 43. Who defeated Valerian at the Battle of Edessa?
A) Hannibal
B) Shapur I
C) Flamininus
D) Marcus Crassus
  • 44. Where are the reliefs and inscriptions celebrating Shapur I's victories over the Romans located?
A) Lake Trasimene
B) Rome
C) Naqsh-e Rostam, southwest Iran
D) Margiana in Bactria
  • 45. What legal power over dependents was suspended if an enslaved Roman was the head of a household?
A) Ius gentium
B) Postliminium
C) Potestas
D) Latrocinium
  • 46. What Latin term is used in the text to describe banditry?
A) Latrocinium
B) Servi hostium
C) Limen
D) Bellum
  • 47. What Latin term is used in the text to describe war?
A) Bellum
B) Postliminium
C) Latrocinium
D) Potestas
  • 48. What legal process was originally developed for reintegrating war captives?
A) Potestas
B) Latrocinium
C) Ius gentium
D) Postliminium
  • 49. What does the term 'limen' refer to in the context of postliminium?
A) One's own threshold
B) A bandit camp
C) A debt collector
D) An enemy sovereign state
  • 50. What was the status of an individual ransomed by someone outside his family before paying back the money?
A) Stripped of all property forever
B) Ambiguous until the lien was lifted
C) Permanently classified as a slave
D) Completely restored to full citizen rights immediately
  • 51. Under which emperor was an investigative procedure put in place to determine if returned soldiers had surrendered willingly?
A) Hadrian
B) Shapur I
C) Augustus
D) Valerian
  • 52. What was the common Latin word for 'slave'?
A) Res
B) Servus
C) Mancipium
D) Dominus
  • 53. In Roman law, what was the term for a slave as chattel?
A) Mancipium
B) Persona
C) Homo
D) Paterfamilias
  • 54. What formal legal process was required to transfer ownership of res mancipi?
A) Manumissio
B) Actio civilis
C) Patria potestas
D) Mancipatio
  • 55. What was the term for free noncitizen residents in Rome?
A) Liberi
B) Peregrini
C) Domini
D) Plebeians
  • 56. Who was the Roman citizen who enjoyed liberty to the fullest extent?
A) The senior military general
B) The chief magistrate of the city
C) The wealthiest merchant trader
D) The property-owning paterfamilias
  • 57. Which member of the extended household was exempt from the paterfamilias's power of life and death?
A) His wife
B) His domestic slaves
C) His agricultural workers
D) His younger children
  • 58. What title could a free Roman woman hold as a property owner?
A) Mater
B) Domina
C) Regina
D) Matrona
  • 59. What was the Latin singular word for a human being, applied to slaves?
A) Civis
B) Persona
C) Homo
D) Servus
  • 60. To what legal status was a slave compared because they could not enter into contracts?
A) A foreign visitor
B) An emancipated freedman
C) A convicted criminal
D) A perpetual minor
  • 61. According to Marcel Mauss, what Latin phrase summarizes the slave's lack of personality?
A) Cuius regio eius religio
B) Lex talionis
C) Servus non habet personam
D) Homo homini lupus
  • 62. What could happen to a master in the imperial period for killing a slave without just cause?
A) He could face penalties
B) He was stripped of all Roman citizenship
C) He received an automatic death sentence
D) He was banished from the Italian peninsula
  • 63. Under imperial laws, on what grounds could a master be compelled to sell a slave?
A) Financial bankruptcy
B) Insubordination
C) Mistreatment
D) Old age or illness
  • 64. What did Emperor Claudius decree regarding an abandoned slave?
A) The slave was granted land to farm
B) The slave became public property of the state
C) The slave was reassigned to a magistrate
D) The slave became free
  • 65. Under which emperor could a master who killed a slave without just cause be tried for homicide?
A) Nero
B) Claudius
C) Constantine II
D) Antoninus Pius
  • 66. What brutal punishment could still be inflicted on slaves in late antiquity for testifying against their masters?
A) Being burnt alive
B) Being forced to fight in the arena
C) Being banished to lead mines
D) Being crucified in public
  • 67. What was the apparent aim of late antique laws discouraging the subjection of Christians to Jewish owners?
A) Raising taxes on slave transactions
B) Protecting Christian identity
C) Transferring all slave ownership to the church
D) Abolishing the institution of slavery entirely
  • 68. What was the term for a lasting heterosexual union between slaves that was recognized by the owner?
A) Manumission
B) Contubernium
C) Potestas
D) Vermae
  • 69. Who had to arrange, approve, or recognize a slave contubernium?
A) A freeborn man
B) The slave's owner
C) The emperor
D) A Roman jurist
  • 70. What did a contubernium express an intention to do if both partners gained freedom?
A) Adopt children
B) Marry
C) Own property
D) Divorce their master
  • 71. Which Roman leader issued laws pertaining to marriage and sexual morality?
A) Nero
B) Augustus
C) Constantine
D) Julius Caesar
  • 72. Under Augustus's laws, a legal marriage was permitted between a freedwoman and a freeborn man of any rank below what level?
A) Senatorial
B) Plebeian
C) Patrician
D) Imperial
  • 73. How many partners' intention was required for a Roman woman to initiate divorce?
A) Three
B) Two
C) One
D) Four
  • 74. Where did the practice of allowing a slave a peculium likely originate?
A) On agricultural estates
B) In naval shipyards
C) In Roman Senate meetings
D) In gladiator schools
  • 75. What does the word peculium point to the addition of?
A) Real estate
B) Livestock
C) Foreign currency
D) Precious metals
  • 76. What was the Latin word for livestock related to the term peculium?
A) Dominus
B) Patrimonium
C) Servus
D) Pecus
  • 77. What might slaves in wealthy households be given as an allowance?
A) Ownership of the main house
B) A small monetary peculium
C) A portion of the master's political power
D) Legal representation in court
  • 78. What kind of gifts contributed to a slave's peculium growth?
A) Bribes from Roman magistrates
B) Stolen goods from the master's estate
C) Mandatory tribute from neighboring farms
D) Gifts from a third party for meritorious services
  • 79. Can inscriptions show that slaves paid for dedications with their own money?
A) No
B) Only freedpersons could do this, never slaves
C) Yes
D) Only during the Republic era
  • 80. What did slaves who managed a peculium have a far better chance of obtaining?
A) Roman citizenship at birth
B) Liberty
C) Political office
D) A military commission
  • 81. What did certain freedmen go on to amass with their business acumen?
A) Large political empires
B) Control over the Roman Senate
C) Vast agricultural plantations in Greece
D) Considerable fortunes
  • 82. From which term does the English word 'emancipation' derive?
A) Emancipatio
B) Manumissio
C) Paterfamilias
D) Peculium
  • 83. Who had the unilateral power to free any slave to serve the interests of the state during census-taking?
A) The emperor Nero
B) The magistrate holding imperium
C) An ordained bishop
D) The censor
  • 84. What legal status was created by Augustus for informally manumitted slaves?
A) Chattel laborer
B) Roman citizen
C) Paterfamilias
D) Junian Latin
  • 85. Which 6th-century law gave bishops the power to free slaves?
A) The Twelve Tables
B) lex Fufia Caninia
C) The edict of AD 316
D) Novella 142
  • 86. What did the term inter amicos mean regarding informal manumission?
A) Within a church
B) In a letter
C) Among friends
D) By the rod
  • 87. Which Roman emperor ruled that the state had no interest in revoking a formal manumission?
A) Justinian
B) Nero
C) Augustus
D) Constantine I
  • 88. In what region was Constantine's edict on church manumission notably delayed until AD 401?
A) Hispania
B) Africa
C) Gaul
D) Italy
  • 89. What term described a freed person in relation to their former master?
A) Praetor
B) Libertus
C) Patronus
D) Libertinus
  • 90. What term described the former master of a freed person?
A) Praetor
B) Libertus
C) Patronus
D) Praeses
  • 91. According to the edict of 118 BC, what could not be demanded from a freedman?
A) Money
B) Sworn stipulations
C) Projects
D) Services
  • 92. What law of AD 4 allowed a patron to take his freedman to court for not carrying out operae?
A) Lex Aelia Sentia
B) Lex Cornelia
C) Lex Julia
D) Lex Valeria
  • 93. What term designated the social class of freed slaves?
A) Plebeians
B) Libertini
C) Patroni
D) Praetores
  • 94. What garment were freedmen entitled to wear for ceremonial functions and funeral rites when holding local offices?
A) Toga candida
B) Toga praetexta
C) Toga virilis
D) Toga picta
  • 95. In provincial towns, inscriptions indicate former slaves could be elected to all offices below which rank?
A) Quaestor
B) Aedile
C) Consul
D) Praetor
  • 96. During which period did some freedmen become very powerful government functionaries?
A) Late Republic
B) Byzantine period
C) Middle Republic
D) Early Imperial period
  • 97. Which former slave of the emperor Claudius rose to a position of great influence?
A) Demetrius
B) Lucius Arlenus
C) Trimalchio
D) Narcissus
  • 98. Under which group of emperors did the influence of freedmen grow significantly before being limited by law?
A) Antonine emperors
B) Julio-Claudian emperors
C) Flavian emperors
D) Severan emperors
  • 99. What was the business of Lucius Arlenus Demetrius and Lucius Arlenus Artemidorus?
A) Real estate development
B) Cloak dealership
C) Grain trade
D) Pottery manufacturing
  • 100. From which region was Lucius Arlenus Demetrius enslaved?
A) Paphlagonia
B) Pompeii
C) Cilicia
D) Rome
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