A) Behavioral intervention addresses the underlying problem and promotes positive change. B) Remove the PDL from all rehabilitation activities C) Immediately recommend permanent isolation D) Ignore the behavior to avoid conflict
A) Remove the PDL from the program B) Trust and psychological safety encourage participation. C) Give additional disciplinary sanctions D) Force the PDL to participate
A) Resistance B) Avoidance C) Dependency D) Accountability
A) Negative reinforcement B) Social isolation C) Peer support D) Authoritarian control
A) Increase punishment for every violation B) Remove all community activities C) Increase surveillance permanently D) Promote self-discipline and personal accountability
A) Complete avoidance of feedback B) Public humiliation C) Constructive communication and self-reflection D) Immediate removal from the community
A) Separate all members permanently B) Cancel all rehabilitation programs C) Conduct conflict-resolution sessions D) Ignore the disagreements
A) Punishment for every mistake B) Limiting social interaction C) Removing all responsibilities D) Developing self-management skills
A) Emotional avoidance B) Peer encouragement C) Behavioral punishment D) Social rejection
A) Competition with other PDLs B) Additional privileges C) Avoidance of past experiences D) Victim awareness and personal accountability
A) Challenge irrational thoughts and develop alternative responses B) Encourage avoidance of all relationships C) Ignore the person's beliefs D) Increase disciplinary restrictions
A) Dependence on other people B) Rejection of counseling C) Avoidance of accountability D) Acceptance of personal responsibility
A) Avoidance training B) Social isolation C) Thought restructuring D) Physical punishment
A) Behavioral dependency B) Emotional avoidance C) Cognitive awareness D) Social withdrawal
A) Criminal behavior is permanent B) Positive behavioral change is possible through effort and intervention C) Rehabilitation is unnecessary D) Past mistakes determine the future
A) "I am useless and cannot learn." B) I failed once, but I can improve through practice." C) "I am useless and cannot learn." D) There is no reason to try again."
A) Social punishment B) Physical conditioning C) Trigger identification D) Community isolation
A) Decision-making control B) Impulsive behavior C) Social avoidance D) Emotional dependency
A) The removal of counseling services B) The need for additional punishment C) The PDL's lack of physical strength D) The irrational belief about seeking help
A) Increased dependence on punishment B) Reduced ability to make decisions C) Permanent avoidance of responsibilities D) Improved self-awareness and behavioral control
A) Negative punishment B) Negative reinforcement C) Extinction D) Positive reinforcement
A) Disciplinary actions B) Custodial control C) Punitive measures D) Therapeutic modalities
A) To rehabilitate and reintegrate offenders B) To punish offenders C) To ensure maximum security D) To reduce operational costs
A) Custody-first principle B) Punitive-retributive principle C) Risk-need-responsivity principle D) Uniformity principle
A) Cesare Beccaria B) Jeremy Bentham C) Alexander Maconochie D) Cesare Lombroso
A) Physical, mental, and spiritual only B) Psychological, social, educational, vocational, and spiritual C) Short-term, medium-term, and long-term only D) Individual, group, and community-based
A) Client-centered therapy B) Cognitive-behavioral therapy C) Psychoanalytic therapy D) Reality therapy
A) Enhance self-esteem and responsibility B) Make offenders suffer for their crimes C) Eliminate criminal tendencies D) Develop pro-social skills
A) Treatment must be delivered in a style and mode appropriate to the offender’s learning style and abilities B) Treatment should be responsive to the victim’s demands C) Only high-risk offenders should be treated D) All offenders must receive the same treatment
A) Psychoanalytic therapy B) Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy C) Behavior modification D) Cognitive therapy
A) Punishment is forward-looking; treatment is backward-looking B) Both are identical in purpose and method C) Treatment is always involuntary; punishment is voluntary D) Punishment focuses on the past offense; treatment focuses on future behavior change
A) Detention center B) Therapeutic community C) Maximum-security facility D) Closed institution
A) Focus resources mostly on low-risk offenders B) No resource allocation is needed C) Distribute resources equally among all inmates D) Focus resources mostly on high-risk offenders
A) Risk factor B) Protective factor C) Neutral factor D) Motivational factor
A) Static factors B) Risk factors C) Protective factors D) Criminogenic needs
A) Current substance abuse B) Unemployment C) Criminal history / past convictions D) Poor parenting skills
A) Antisocial attitudes and values B) Number of prior arrests C) Age at first offense D) Race/ethnicity
A) Financial needs of the family B) Medical needs unrelated to crime C) Needs directly linked to the cause of criminal behavior D) All personal problems of the offender
A) Voluntary participation B) Mandatory treatment C) Coerced therapy D) Involuntary commitment
A) Justice B) Beneficence C) Autonomy D) Paternalism
A) Offender’s motivation and willingness to change B) The cost of the program C) The number of staff employed D) The size of the institution
A) Past childhood trauma exclusively B) Distorted thinking and associated behaviors C) Biological brain abnormalities D) Financial management skills
A) Antecedent – Behavior – Consequence B) Assessment – Behavior – Counseling C) Attitude – Behavior – Character D) Action – Belief – Change
A) Positive affirmation B) Balanced thinking C) Cognitive distortion D) Realistic assessment
A) Past experiences B) Unconscious desires C) Dream analysis D) Current behavior, responsibility, and meeting needs in acceptable ways
A) Choice theory – we choose our behavior B) Determinism – environment determines us C) Conditioning – rewards shape behavior D) Psychoanalysis – instincts drive behavior
A) Sigmund Freud B) B.F. Skinner C) Sigmund Freud D) Albert Ellis
A) Events themselves B) Irrational beliefs about events C) Other people’s actions D) Genetic predisposition
A) B.F. Skinner B) Carl Rogers C) Alfred Adler D) Viktor Frankl
A) Punishment system B) Reward banking C) Credit system D) Token economy
A) Positive punishment B) Negative reinforcement C) Positive reinforcement D) Negative punishment
A) A self-help, peer-led environment where the community itself is the agent of change B) A religious conversion program C) A medication-based treatment center D) Individual counseling only
A) 1–2 days B) 6 to 24 months C) 3–6 months D) 1–2 weeks
A) Legal advisor B) Disciplinarian and guard C) Therapist and role model D) Financial manager
A) Is cheaper than individual therapy only B) Guarantees immediate cure C) Provides peer feedback, social learning, and reduces isolation D) Allows offenders to remain isolated
A) Facilitator B) Manipulator and abuser C) Observer D) Mediator
A) Role-playing and dramatic enactment B) Lectures C) Writing essays D) Medication
A) Train them in criminal trades B) Keep them busy without purpose C) Provide academic education only D) Equip offenders with skills for lawful employment
A) Military combat training B) Only religious instruction C) Literacy, basic education, and values formation D) Legal practice courses
A) Practical skills: decision-making, communication, budgeting, conflict resolution B) Professional licensure C) Practical skills: decision-making, communication, budgeting, conflict resolution D) Physical fitness only
A) Detoxification B) Total isolation without intervention C) Counseling and peer support groups D) Medication-assisted treatment where applicable
A) Self-reliance only, no higher power concept B) Legal prosecution of users C) Admission of powerlessness over addiction, seeking help, and making amends D) Quick cure within one week
A) Separating the offender permanently from family B) Bringing family members into the healing process to address relationship dynamics C) Treating the offender in isolation D) Interviewing family only to gather evidence
A) Reducing prison sentences regardless of harm B) Punishing the offender as severely as possible C) Repairing harm done to victims and community through dialogue and restitution D) Ignoring the victim entirely
A) Retributive justice B) Deterrence program C) Incapacitation measure D) Restorative justice
A) Only psychiatrists can do counseling B) Counseling tends to focus on current issues and coping; psychotherapy addresses deeper psychological patterns C) Psychotherapy is only for violent offenders D) They are completely unrelated
A) Enhance intrinsic motivation to change through empathy and resolving ambivalence B) Argue with the offender to force change C) Threaten consequences D) Tell the offender exactly what to do
A) Assessment, investigation, prosecution B) Speed, authority, punishment C) Directing, controlling, criticizing D) Expressing empathy, developing discrepancy, rolling with resistance, supporting self-efficacy
A) Recognize triggers, control arousal, and respond constructively instead of aggressively B) Suppress all feelings completely C) Take revenge privately D) Blame others for their anger
A) Seclusion and silence B) Denial and minimization C) Acceptance of responsibility, victim empathy, relapse prevention, and addressing distorted thinking D) Just serving the sentence
A) Forget the past B) Identify high-risk situations and apply coping strategies to avoid reoffending C) Change identity D) Relapse and return to crime
A) Dream interpretation B) Unconditional positive regard, empathy, and congruence from the therapist C) The therapist directs all decisions D) Strict behavior rules
A) Vocational courses B) Non-verbal / expressive therapeutic modalities C) Academic subjects D) Physical education
A) Control inmates through fear B) Convert everyone to one religion C) Replace professional therapy D) Provide moral guidance, meaning, values, and inner strength
A) Physical restraint used for punishment B) A process of confronting behavior issues within the community C) Transfer D) Solitary confinement
A) It produces permanent change instantly B) Behavior change may not generalize outside the structured setting C) It requires no resources D) It is unethical to use rewards
A) Daily interactions, peer feedback, and community structure are the primary agents of change B) The facility is relocated to the neighborhood C) Community volunteers provide all counseling D) Treatment is delivered entirely by outside professionals
A) Physical restraint B) Personal insults and shaming C) Peer or staff feedback that challenges denial, manipulation, or harmful patterns within agreed norms D) Legal confrontation
A) Duration does not matter B) Retention beyond 6–12 months strongly predicts reduced recidivism C) Short-term programs are most effective D) TCs are effective only for first-time offenders
A) It focuses on lengthy exploration of childhood roots B) It targets current thinking and behavior patterns using clear goals and homework C) It has no specific goals D) It takes many years to complete
A) Exclusive focus on the offense details B) Strengths-based approaches and consideration of adaptive functioning C) Harsher sanctions D) Longer confinement without treatment
A) Legal vs. informal violation B) First vs. second conviction C) Intentional vs. accidental offense D) A single incident slip vs. return to the full pattern of thinking and behavior
A) Make the offender feel guilty indefinitely B) Prepare the offender for apology letters C) Counter narcissism, minimize harm, and increase accountability D) Satisfy public opinion
A) Practices avoid triggering past trauma B) Choices and control are maximized for the survivor C) Physical and psychological safety are prioritized D) All of the above
A) It is only a bureaucratic requirement B) Only female offenders have trauma C) Trauma always excuses criminal behavior D) Trauma survivors may re-experience overwhelming distress and disengage
A) Only TIC is evidence-based B) TIC changes the environment/practices; trauma-specific actively treats the trauma C) They are identical terms D) Trauma-specific is for staff only
A) Make substances freely available B) Reduce sentences regardless of behavior C) Encourage continued use D) Meet the client where they are; reduce negative consequences even before full abstinence
A) It replaces all clinical treatment B) Mandated with no choice C) Limited to religious offenders D) Integrated with professional counseling, not used as the sole intervention
A) Reduces post-release overdose and recidivism significantly B) Should be stopped at intake C) Creates worse behavior D) Is proven ineffective
A) Repair harm rather than punish B) Involve affected parties C) Offender is the sole focus of concern D) Address causes and prevent recurrence
A) The court orders it without consent B) Both parties voluntarily agree and safety can be ensured C) The victim is pressured to participate D) The offender refuses to acknowledge responsibility
A) Waived for all offenders B) Paid in a lump sum before release C) Set as high as possible D) Realistic, incremental, and monitored — not set beyond ability to pay
A) Entirely caused by the family B) Irrelevant to family dynamics C) One part of a larger interactional pattern, not just individual flaw D) Solely the result of bad parenting
A) Encouraging dependency B) Increasing security risks C) Distracting inmates from work D) Reducing guilt, maintaining bonds, and modeling responsible family roles
A) They are the same B) Anger should be eliminated; aggression controlled C) Anger is always bad; aggression is sometimes good D) Anger is an emotion; aggression is an action
A) Blaming oneself for everything B) Aggression is dangerous C) Ignoring dangerous situations D) Assuming others intend harm when intent is unclear
A) Taking responsibility only when forced B) Viewing situations in extreme, black-and-white categories without middle ground C) Balancing positives and negatives equally D) Considering every possible outcome
A) Always give in to avoid conflict B) Dominate others to get what they want C) Shout louder to be heard D) Express needs and boundaries respectfully without aggression or passivity
A) Act as guards to maintain order B) Assist the director in administrative tasks C) Represent significant people in the protagonist’s life during enactment D) Observe without participating
A) Only for artistic or musically gifted offenders B) They replace all counseling C) Offenders lack verbal skills or cannot articulate trauma/emotions D) Time is limited |