A) Only mammals B) All vertebrate and chordate species C) Only amphibians D) Only carnivores
A) From synthetic carotenoids B) From β-carotene in green pasture C) From synthetic retinol supplements D) From consuming other animals
A) Exposure to sunlight B) The consumption of too much vitamin D C) Drought-dried pasture grass and long-stored hay D) An overabundance of green pasture
A) They are converted into vitamin D B) They are absorbed by the skin C) They are stored in the liver or excreted in urine D) They are destroyed by the stomach acid
A) Vegetable oil B) Cod liver oil C) Dried seaweed D) Animal fat
A) Yes, they synthesize them internally B) No, they must ingest them C) They synthesize them from sunlight D) Only some species can synthesize them
A) From consuming algae, plants, or animals B) From atmospheric nitrogen C) They do not need these nutrients D) From soil minerals
A) 500th B) 346th C) 10th D) 100th
A) Every week B) Every month C) Every four to six months D) Once a year
A) 1.25 million B) 500,000 C) 5 million D) 100,000
A) 14% B) 5% C) 25% D) 50%
A) 12% B) 20% C) 30% D) 5%
A) It significantly reduced infant mortality B) There was insufficient evidence to recommend it C) It should be mandated by law D) It is harmful to all infants
A) Only reptiles B) Only chickens C) Dogs, cats, and birds D) Only amphibians
A) Bone marrow B) Spleen C) Liver D) Thymus
A) Vitamin D B) Cytokines C) Calcium D) Retinoic acid
A) B cells B) Monocytes C) T cells D) Dendritic cells
A) On the inner wall of the small intestine B) In the large intestine microbiome C) Inside the thymus D) Within the bone marrow
A) Down-regulation of immune activity B) Increase in food allergen sensitivity C) Up-regulation of inflammatory response D) Elimination of the microbiome
A) Predominance of regulatory iTreg cells B) High tolerance to food allergens C) Predominance of pro-inflammatory Th1 cells D) Enhanced B cell function
A) Elderly adults B) Pregnant women C) Athletes D) Young children
A) Retinal bleeding B) Photopigment amounts C) Eye moisture levels D) Corneal thickness
A) 1,000,000 times B) 1,000 times C) 10,000 times D) 100,000 times
A) Yellow light B) Blue light C) Red light D) Green light
A) 350,000 B) 1,000,000 C) 190,000 D) 50,000
A) High recovery rates B) Dietary changes in the population C) Successful medical interventions D) High all-cause mortality
A) Greater than 2.00 μmol/L B) Less than 0.20 μmol/L C) Less than 1.50 μmol/L D) Less than 0.70 μmol/L
A) Retinyl palmitate B) Beta-carotene C) Retinoic acid D) Retinal
A) 69% B) 58% C) 10% D) 24%
A) Retinol B) Rhodopsin C) Retinal D) Retinoic acid
A) Cytochrome P450 B) Alcohol dehydrogenases C) Aldehyde dehydrogenases D) RPE65
A) Opsin B) Cytochrome P450 C) Alcohol dehydrogenase D) Aldehyde dehydrogenase
A) CYP26B1 B) RPE65 C) CYP26C1 D) CYP26A1
A) Infancy B) Geriatric stage C) Embryonic development D) Adulthood
A) Xerophthalmia B) Night blindness C) Corneal ulceration D) Color blindness
A) Aldehyde dehydrogenase B) Alcohol dehydrogenase C) RPE65 D) CYP26A1
A) Opsin B) Cytochrome P450 C) Retinoic acid D) Glucuronide
A) Isomerization B) Esterification C) Photo-bleaching D) Oxidation
A) Fat-soluble B) Mineral-based C) Water-soluble D) Protein-based
A) Iron B) Calcium C) Retinoids D) Vitamin C
A) Beta-carotene B) Glucose C) Cholesterol D) Vitamin D
A) Passive diffusion B) Facilitated diffusion C) Osmosis D) Active transport
A) GLUT4 B) Insulin receptor C) SCARB1 D) Hemoglobin
A) Hypovitaminosis A B) Vitamin D deficiency C) Dehydration D) Hypervitaminosis A
A) Plasma calcium B) Blood glucose C) White blood cell count D) Plasma retinol
A) Gamma-carotene B) Alpha-carotene C) Vitamin E D) Beta-cryptoxanthin
A) Methyl side chain B) Alpha-glucose ring C) Beta-ionone ring D) Carbonyl group
A) Retinaldehyde reductase B) Retinal dehydrogenase C) Retinol dehydrogenase D) Retinoic acid oxidase
A) Reversible conversion B) Hydrolysis C) Oxidative phosphorylation D) Irreversible conversion
A) Albumin B) CRABp2 C) Retinol binding protein D) Hemoglobin
A) Amino acids B) Retinoids C) Carotenoids D) Cholesterol
A) All-trans-retinoic acid B) Retinol C) Retinal D) Adapalene
A) SCARB1 B) BCO1 C) RBP4 D) RBP2
A) Two-thirds B) One-half C) One-quarter D) All of them
A) Retinyl ester hydrolase B) RBP2 C) RBP4 D) SCARB1
A) Domestic cat B) Tiger C) Lion D) Polar bear
A) Cyp26 receptors B) Retinoic acid receptors (RARs) C) Histone receptors D) Retinoid X receptors (RXRs)
A) Retinaldehyde dehydrogenases B) Cyp26 cytochromes C) Chromatin remodelers D) Retinol oxidases
A) Birth defects B) Improved metabolic function C) Increased growth rate D) Enhanced neural development
A) Retinol B) Isotretinoin C) Tretinoin D) Acetaldehyde
A) Dimerize B) Oxidize C) Metabolize D) Dissociate
A) Bind to Cyp26 enzymes B) Inhibit dimerization C) Loosen chromatin structure D) Repress gene expression
A) Increased enzyme production B) Craniofacial defects C) Over-activation of RXRs D) Enhanced receptor sensitivity
A) Improved eyesight B) Enhanced muscle growth C) Increased height D) Adverse health consequences including death
A) Low-income countries B) Global rural areas C) The United States D) Middle-income countries
A) 25% B) 75% C) 50% D) 100%
A) North New York B) South Florida C) West Texas D) East California
A) The Center for Disease Control B) Covenant Children's Hospital C) The World Health Organization D) Robert F. Kennedy Jr.
A) Keratinocytes B) Neurons C) Adipocytes D) Melanocytes
A) Carotene isomerase B) Retinol reductase C) SCARB1 D) β-carotene-15, 15'-monooxygenase
A) 2600 μg/day B) 900 μg/day C) 3000 μg/day D) 1300 μg/day
A) 300 μg/day B) 900 μg/day C) 400 μg/day D) 600 μg/day
A) Population Reference Intake (PRI) B) Average Requirement C) Retinol activity equivalent (RAE) D) Adequate Intake (AI)
A) 700 μg/day B) 650 μg/day C) 1300 μg/day D) 750 μg/day
A) RET1 B) CARA1 C) BCM01 D) SCARB1
A) Blurred vision B) Liver abnormalities C) Muscle weakness D) Bulging skull fontanel
A) Headache B) Teratogenicity C) Liver abnormalities D) Reduced bone mineral density
A) 10 B) 2 C) 5 D) 1.5
A) Carotenemia B) Lung cancer C) Cardiac failure D) Hypervitaminosis A
A) Hypervitaminosis B) Melanoma C) Jaundice D) Carotenoderma
A) 27 May 2016 B) 1 January 2022 C) July 2021 D) May 2018
A) Sub-Saharan Africa B) Europe C) North America D) South America
A) India B) The Philippines C) United States D) Australia
A) Yes B) Only if treated with medication C) Only in children D) No, it is permanent
A) 2021 B) 1982 C) 2004 D) 2018
A) Annually B) Semi-annually C) Monthly D) Weekly
A) Normal liver function B) High intake of animal-sourced foods C) Proper caloric energy intake D) Systemic infections
A) Tretinoin B) Isotretinoin C) Trifarotene D) Retinyl palmitate
A) Orally B) Intravenous injection C) Intramuscular injection D) Topical cream
A) Sebum stimulator B) RAR-gamma agonist C) RXR-alpha antagonist D) Retinol inhibitor
A) Category B B) Category X C) Category C D) Category A
A) Collagen B) Sebum C) Sweat D) Keratin
A) Preventing skin cancer B) Treating severe hair loss C) Treating treatment-resistant acne D) Treating excessive dry skin
A) 40–50% B) 20–35% C) 10–15% D) 5–10%
A) 90% B) 25% C) 75% D) 50%
A) A month before B) Immediately upon starting C) A week before D) Six months before
A) 10–20% B) 70–80% C) 5–15% D) 30–60%
A) Bacterial skin infections B) Severe acne vulgaris C) Mild facial acne D) Psoriasis of the face
A) A year B) A week C) Six months D) A month
A) Cardiotoxicity B) Hepatotoxicity C) Teratogenicity D) Nephrotoxicity |