- 1. On which voyage of Columbus did the expedition encounter a Mayan trading canoe with cocoa beans?
A) First voyage
B) Third voyage
C) Fourth voyage
D) Second voyage
- 2. On what date did Columbus's expedition encounter the Mayan trading canoe?
A) 10 September 1505
B) 15 August 1520
C) 15 August 1502
D) 15 July 1502
- 3. Who may have been the first European to encounter chocolate in the court of Moctezuma II?
A) Christopher Columbus
B) Pope Pius V
C) Francisco Hernández
D) Hernán Cortés
- 4. In what year did Cortés observe chocolate in the court of Moctezuma II?
A) 1544
B) 1502
C) 1585
D) 1520
- 5. By what year had the Spanish established control over central Mexico and expanded cacao production?
A) 1560
B) 1502
C) 1524
D) 1600
- 6. What labor system was used to produce cacao in central Mexico under Spanish control?
A) Encomienda labor system
B) Feudal serfdom
C) Plantation slavery from the start
D) Indentured servitude
- 7. What caused a massive population decline among Native Americans during the 16th century?
A) Natural famines and climate change
B) Eurasian diseases and direct violence from colonizers
C) Civil wars among indigenous tribes
D) Volcanic eruptions
- 8. Besides the Guayaquil coast of Ecuador, where else was more cacao produced in response to population decline in Mesoamerica?
A) Trinidad
B) Guatemala
C) Jamaica
D) Venezuela
- 9. What type of labor was used to produce cacao on the Guayaquil coast and in Venezuela?
A) European indentured servants
B) Paid local laborers
C) Slaves from Africa
D) Local Native American encomienda labor
- 10. What was the name of the cacao variety native to South America that was considered inferior to Criollo?
A) Mesoamerican
B) Forastero
C) Trinitario
D) Moctezuma
- 11. How was the Forastero cacao described in terms of taste?
A) Dry and bitter
B) Spicy and sour
C) Sweet and creamy
D) Salty and rich
- 12. Officials in which region worked to ban Guayaquil cacao from their ports in the early 1600s?
A) Guatemala
B) Portugal
C) England
D) France
- 13. Around what year were bans on importing Guayaquil cacao enacted?
A) 1630
B) 1700
C) 1585
D) 1520
- 14. Who continued to export Guayaquil cacao despite the import bans around 1630?
A) Royal Spanish fleets
B) Mayan nobles
C) Dominican friars
D) Smugglers
- 15. Around what year did the Spanish introduce cacao to the Caribbean?
A) 1655
B) 1600
C) 1525
D) 1502
- 16. From which Caribbean island did cacao spread to Jamaica?
A) Trinidad
B) Hispaniola
C) Cuba
D) Puerto Rico
- 17. Until what decade was chocolate widely disliked and considered an acquired taste for Spaniards living in the Americas?
A) 1590s
B) 1650s
C) 1700s
D) 1520s
- 18. What specific aspect of chocolate did the Spaniards find particularly objectionable?
A) The foam
B) The dark color
C) The aroma
D) The temperature
- 19. Through whom was the primarily male Spanish population first exposed to chocolate?
A) Dominican monks
B) Mayan traders
C) Aztec women they married or took as concubines
D) Spanish female immigrants
- 20. What role did Aztec women remain in as Spanish elite ceased marrying local women?
A) Royal advisors
B) Ship captains
C) Cacao plantation owners
D) Domestic servants
- 21. How was chocolate adapted to Spanish tastes?
A) Made into solid bars without any sugar
B) Diluted with water and served unsweetened
C) Mixed with wine and served cold
D) Sweetened, flavored with familiar spices and served warm
- 22. Serving chocolate warm was an application of the principles of what?
A) Astronomy
B) Alchemy
C) Humorism
D) Physics
- 23. What tool was used by the Spanish to create the foam in chocolate?
A) Clay pitcher
B) Mortar and pestle
C) Molinillo
D) Silver pot
A) A clay cup
B) A grinding stone
C) A filtering cloth
D) A wooden whisk
- 25. By what century had the habit of serving chocolate spiced to mimic Mesoamerican flavorings declined?
A) 17th century
B) 16th century
C) 18th century
D) 19th century
- 26. Who almost always prepared chocolate during the colonial period?
A) Monks
B) Conquistadors
C) Women
D) Men
- 27. Who produced solid sweet chocolates as delicacies sold during the early colonial period?
A) Nuns
B) Conquistadors
C) Friars
D) Aztec chiefs
- 28. According to the earliest documented evidence, who introduced chocolate to the Spanish court in 1544?
A) Christopher Columbus
B) Hernán Cortés
C) Francisco Hernández
D) Qʼeqchiʼ Mayan nobles
- 29. Which religious order brought the Qʼeqchiʼ Mayan nobles to Spain?
A) Jesuits
B) Dominican friars
C) Benedictines
D) Franciscans
- 30. In what year was the first official shipment of cacao to Europe recorded?
A) 1544
B) 1585
C) 1502
D) 1657
- 31. During the 16th century, what qualities of Mesoamerican plants were the Spanish primarily interested in?
A) Medicinal qualities
B) Religious significance
C) Architectural uses
D) Nutritional value
- 32. Who was the royal physician to Philip II of Spain who reported on conditions chocolate could treat?
A) Francisco Hernández
B) Bernal Díaz
C) Pope Pius V
D) Moctezuma II
- 33. What did writers like Bernal Díaz and Francisco Hernández claim chocolate was?
A) A deadly poison
B) A cure for the plague
C) An aphrodisiac
D) A source of eternal youth
- 34. How did Spain view chocolate primarily during the 16th century?
A) As a religious sacrament
B) As a currency
C) As a breakfast drink
D) As a medicinal substance
- 35. By the 17th century, approximately how much cacao had Madrid stored?
A) 1,000,000 pounds
B) 100,000 pounds
C) 700,000 pounds
D) 50,000 pounds
- 36. To which European nation did chocolate spread from Spain next?
A) Germany
B) Portugal
C) France
D) England
- 37. In what century did chocolate spread to Italy?
A) 18th century
B) 16th century
C) 15th century
D) 17th century
- 38. What played a significant role in the dissemination of chocolate in Europe?
A) Pirates and privateers
B) Religious orders
C) Agricultural unions
D) Military generals
- 39. What two factors drove the spread of chocolate in Europe?
A) Royal decrees and famines
B) Cosmopolitanism and missionaries
C) Industrialization and trade unions
D) Naval blockades and wars
- 40. Why was drinking chocolate expensive among the European elite in the 17th century?
A) Processing required rare gold tools
B) High transportation costs and import duties
C) It could only be grown in royal greenhouses
D) Governments taxed it as a luxury gemstone
- 41. Between which centuries was there controversy over whether chocolate was a food and a drink or just a drink?
A) Late-16th century until early 18th century
B) Early 18th century to early 20th century
C) Mid-17th century to late 19th century
D) Early 15th century to mid-16th century
- 42. Why was the distinction between food and drink important regarding chocolate consumption in Europe?
A) To determine if consumption violated ecclesiastical fasts
B) To calculate import taxes
C) To decide whether it could be given to children
D) To set the price at coffee houses
- 43. Which of the following popes opined that chocolate did not break the fast?
A) Pope Urban II
B) Pope Gregory XIII
C) Pope Leo X
D) Pope Pius V
- 44. What kitchen utensil used to stir and beat chocolate was invented by the French?
A) The copper cauldron
B) The wooden paddle
C) The silver chocolate pot
D) The molinillo
- 45. By what decade was drinking chocolate widespread among French aristocratic women?
A) 1710s
B) 1570s
C) 1670s
D) 1610s
- 46. In what year was the debate over whether chocolate was medically good or bad settled as beneficial in France?
A) 1700
B) 1671
C) 1650
D) 1684
- 47. Who published a thesis defending chocolate in Paris in 1684?
A) Francisco Hernández
B) Marie de Rabutin-Chantal
C) Pope Benedict XIV
D) A Paris physician
- 48. Which noblewoman wrote a 1671 letter expressing health concerns about chocolate causing a baby to be born 'as black as the devil'?
A) Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz
B) Queen Isabella
C) The Marquise de Coëtlogon
D) Marie de Rabutin-Chantal
- 49. Around what year did chocolate arrive in England from France?
A) 1585
B) 1600
C) 1657
D) 1701
- 50. Along with chocolate, what other beverages arrived in England around 1657?
A) Wine and beer
B) Milk and cider
C) Tea and coffee
D) Mead and brandy
- 51. From which territory did the British conquer and subsequently supply cocoa?
A) Trinidad
B) Jamaica
C) Venezuela
D) Guatemala
- 52. In what year did the British conquer Jamaica?
A) 1684
B) 1657
C) 1655
D) 1502
- 53. In which country was chocolate flavored with new, highly perfumed ingredients like jasmine and ambergris in the 17th century?
A) Italy
B) France
C) Spain
D) England
- 54. How was chocolate production described in England compared to Italy?
A) Simpler and less careful
B) Strictly regulated by the crown
C) More luxurious and artisanal
D) Exclusively done by royal monks
- 55. Where was chocolate served in England to whoever could pay?
A) Monasteries
B) Public baths
C) Royal palaces
D) Coffee houses
- 56. By the end of the 17th century, what was compulsory regarding chocolate in the British Navy?
A) To use it to clean cannons
B) To ban it from ships
C) To trade it with pirates
D) To include it in rations
- 57. To where did chocolate spread from England by the late-17th century?
A) Japan
B) The North American colonies
C) The Guayaquil coast
D) The Philippines
- 58. By whom was chocolate brought to the Philippines, where it was well established among the elite in the late-17th century?
A) The conquering Spanish
B) The British Navy
C) French aristocrats
D) Portuguese merchants
- 59. Where is the cacao tree native to?
A) The Amazon rainforest
B) The Pacific coast of North America
C) Southeast Asia
D) The Gulf Coast of Mexico
- 60. Which culture provided evidence of early cacao domestication around 3300 BC?
A) The Mokayan people
B) The Aztecs
C) The Olmecs
D) Mayo-Chinchipe culture
- 61. In present-day what country was early cacao domestication found?
A) Peru
B) Colombia
C) Ecuador
D) Mexico
- 62. What chemical compound, found in high levels in cacao, was detected in ceramic residue?
A) Nicotine
B) Caffeine
C) Theophylline
D) Theobromine
- 63. Where was the domesticated cacao tree spread after South America?
A) North America
B) Europe
C) Africa
D) Mesoamerica
- 64. What part of South America did the domesticated cacao tree spread along?
A) The interior plains
B) The Caribbean coast
C) The Pacific coast
D) The Atlantic coast
- 65. What are the date boundaries for the Early Formative Period mentioned in the text?
A) 500 BC–AD 500
B) 1000–500 BC
C) 3300–2000 BC
D) 1900–900 BC
- 66. Which people consumed bitter frothy watery cacao drinks by 1900 BC?
A) The Mayans
B) The Mayo-Chinchipe
C) The Mokayan people
D) The Olmecs
- 67. Where did the Mokayan people live?
A) Southeast Ecuador
B) Gulf Coast of Veracruz, Mexico
C) Pacific coast of Chiapas, Mexico
D) Puerto Escondido, Mexico
- 68. By what year did pre-Olmec peoples demonstrate cacao preparation on the Gulf Coast of Veracruz?
A) 1045 BC
B) 1750 BC
C) 3300 BC
D) 1900 BC
- 69. In which city were traces of cacao found in bowls and jars dated between 1851 and 1045 BC?
A) Chiapas
B) San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán
C) Veracruz
D) Puerto Escondido
- 70. Which of the following was cacao NOT used as by ancient Mesoamericans?
A) Building material
B) Currency
C) Medicine
D) In ceremonies
- 71. What type of alcoholic beverage was made from the cacao tree?
A) A drink made by fermenting the pulp around the seeds
B) A drink made by boiling the leaves
C) A wine made from crushed cacao shells
D) A beverage distilled from the roots
- 72. Early consumption of chocolate was often associated with what body part?
A) The stomach
B) The heart
C) The brain
D) The liver
- 73. What properties was early chocolate believed to have?
A) Healing poisonous snake bites
B) Granting eternal youth
C) Magical invisibility
D) Psychedelic properties
- 74. When did Spanish conquistadors encounter cacao?
A) 1519
B) 1492
C) 1579
D) 1604
- 75. Over how many years did chocolate spread through Europe after reaching Spain?
A) Five decades
B) One century
C) Two millennia
D) Three centuries
- 76. What transformed chocolate from an elite drink into a solid, widely consumed product?
A) The discovery of new cacao species
B) Decreased taxation
C) Technological innovations
D) A royal decree
- 77. What was the value of the global chocolate trade as of 2018?
A) Over US$10 billion
B) Over US$500 billion
C) Over US$1 trillion
D) Over US$100 billion
- 78. When was the word chocolate first recorded in English?
A) 1604
B) 1579
C) 1519
D) 1818
- 79. When was the word chocolate first recorded in Spanish?
A) 1579
B) 1604
C) 1519
D) 1492
- 80. What Nahuatl word is popularly thought to be the origin of chocolate?
A) xocoatl
B) cacahuatl
C) chikola:tl
D) chocolatl
- 81. What does the theory of Mayan derivation suggest chocolate means?
A) cacao-beater
B) bitter cacao
C) foamy drink
D) hot water
- 82. What Nawat word do some scholars argue chocolate may come from?
A) xocoatl
B) cacahuatl
C) chocolatl
D) chikola:tl
- 83. What does chikola:tl possibly mean?
A) hot water
B) bitter drink
C) sweet medicine
D) cacao-beater
- 84. Which anthropologist suggested that chocolate originally referred to a specific cacao beverage made with annatto?
A) Sophie Coe
B) Michael Coe
C) Kathryn Sampeck
D) Hernán Cortés
- 85. By about what year did the word chocolate expand to mean cacao beverages in general?
A) 1580
B) 1519
C) 1700
D) 1604
- 86. Which group were major cacao producers around 1580?
A) The Maya
B) The Aztecs
C) The Izalcos
D) The Incas
- 87. According to Grivetti (2008), who was chocolate consumption restricted to among the Maya?
A) Children only
B) Adult men
C) Women only
D) Commoners
- 88. Where was most of the consumed cocoa primarily imported from?
A) Yucatán
B) Southern US
C) Aztec territory
D) Chontalpa, Tabasco
- 89. What fat rose to the surface and was skimmed off when heated?
A) Olive oil
B) Cocoa butter
C) Palm oil
D) Animal fat
- 90. What was the name of the cacao drink that contained maize and sapote seeds?
A) Saca
B) Tzune
C) Ek Chuah
D) Tabasco
- 91. What was the name of the cacao gruel consumed by the Maya?
A) Metate
B) Manos
C) Saca
D) Tzune
- 92. Who was identified by the Maya as the patron god of cacao?
A) Toltec
B) Ek Chuah
C) Grivetti
D) Hunahpu
- 93. In the late Mayan and Aztec periods, there was a strong symbolic connection between cacao and what?
A) Gold
B) Corn
C) Water
D) Blood
- 94. During the 9th to 12th centuries, cocoa was imported as part of which type of exchange?
A) Cloth-metal exchange
B) Gold-silver exchange
C) Corn-bean exchange
D) Cacao-turquoise exchange
- 95. What was the other most important drink to the Aztecs besides chocolate?
A) pulque
B) octli
C) beer
D) wine
- 96. What food coloring was added to chocolate to turn the drink red?
A) saffron
B) cochineal
C) paprika
D) annatto
- 97. What was the name for long-distance traders among the Aztecs?
A) pipiltin
B) macehualtin
C) tlatoani
D) pochteca
- 98. What modern dish containing chocolate is incorrectly associated with the Aztecs?
A) mole poblano
B) enchiladas
C) pozole
D) tamales
- 99. Who was served chocolate before their execution?
A) convicted criminals
B) human sacrifice victims
C) prisoners of war
D) traitors to the state
- 100. Which region was conquered by the Aztecs specifically for its cacao?
A) Soconusco
B) Texcoco
C) Oaxaca
D) Yucatan
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