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Scottish Agricultural Revolution - Quiz
Contributed by: Doyle
  • 1. In which century did agricultural improvement continue after the 18th century?
A) 19th century
B) 20th century
C) 18th century
D) 17th century
  • 2. Who developed the first working reaping machine in 1828?
A) Archibald Grant
B) John Cockburn
C) Patrick Bell
D) James Smith
  • 3. What agricultural device did Patrick Bell develop in 1828?
A) Linen spinning wheel
B) Ranch-style tractor
C) Sub-soil drainage plough
D) Working reaping machine
  • 4. Who was Patrick Bell's rival in agricultural innovations?
A) Archibald Grant
B) James Smith
C) Duke of Argyll
D) John Cockburn
  • 5. What did James Smith focus on improving?
A) Reaping machines
B) Sub-soil drainage
C) Sheep farming
D) Linen spinning
  • 6. What type of landscape resulted from breaking up the subsoil barrier without disturbing the topsoil?
A) Volcanic landscape
B) Highland landscape
C) Lowland landscape
D) Mountainous landscape
  • 7. Which previously unworkable lands were brought into arable production through sub-soil drainage?
A) Highland carselands
B) Steep mountain peaks
C) Rocky uplands
D) Low-lying carselands
  • 8. What financial state were the Highland lairds in before replacing traditional practices?
A) Extremely wealthy
B) Financially stable
C) Debt-free
D) Financially broken
  • 9. Whose agricultural practices were brought into the Highlands during the Clearances?
A) Canadian
B) Australian
C) Lowland
D) English
  • 10. Which families typified the powerful landowners with enormous sections of Scotland?
A) Patrick Bell and James Smith
B) Dukes of Argyll, Atholl, Buccleuch, and Sutherland
C) John Cockburn and Archibald Grant
D) The crofters of the Highlands
  • 11. Until what year did a handful of powerful families have extensive influence on political affairs in Scotland?
A) 1828
B) 1885
C) 1878
D) 1815
  • 12. As late as what year did 68 families own nearly half the land in Scotland?
A) 1878
B) 1815
C) 1828
D) 1885
  • 13. What fraction of Scottish land did 68 families own as late as 1878?
A) Nearly all
B) Nearly half
C) About one quarter
D) A tiny fraction
  • 14. During which war period was there an agricultural boom that eventually ended?
A) The Highland Wars
B) World War I
C) The Clan Conflicts
D) Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars
  • 15. Between which years did the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars boom take place?
A) 1828–1878
B) 1790–1815
C) 1750–1790
D) 1800–1850
  • 16. Why did Highland landlords need cash after the end of the war boom?
A) To maintain their position in London society
B) To buy more fishing boats
C) To pay taxes to the Scottish parliament
D) To build new industrial centres
  • 17. What kind of rents did landlords turn to after the war boom?
A) Free rents
B) Crop rents
C) Labor rents
D) Money rents
  • 18. What traditional relationship did landlords downplay in favor of money rents?
A) Commercial trade agreements with England
B) Patriarchal relationship that historically sustained the clans
C) Industrial relationship with factory owners
D) Political alliances with London society
  • 19. What was a primary use for enclosed lands during the Highland Clearances?
A) Sheep farming
B) Cereal crop production
C) Fishing villages
D) Linen manufacturing
  • 20. What legal protection did year-by-year tenants lack under Scots law during the clearances?
A) Protection for estate owners
B) Rights to own London property
C) Legal protection for year-by-year tenants
D) Immunity from military service
  • 21. Where did people go during the continuous exodus from the land?
A) Only to local mountains
B) Cities, England, Canada, America, or Australia
C) Exclusively to Edinburgh and Glasgow
D) Strictly to northern Scotland
  • 22. What happened to many small settlements during the Lowland and Highland Clearances?
A) Expanded significantly
B) Dismantled
C) Turned into universities
D) Converted into castles
  • 23. Who built new purpose-built villages like Ormiston on the outskirts of ranch-style farms?
A) John Cockburn
B) Patrick Bell
C) Archibald Grant
D) James Smith
  • 24. Who built the new purpose-built village of Monymusk?
A) Archibald Grant
B) John Cockburn
C) James Smith
D) Patrick Bell
  • 25. What was the name of the village built by John Cockburn?
A) Ormiston
B) Edinburgh
C) Glasgow
D) Monymusk
  • 26. What was the name of the village built by Archibald Grant?
A) Sydney
B) Ormiston
C) London
D) Monymusk
  • 27. To which industrial centres did many displaced occupants move?
A) Highland estates
B) Coastal fishing towns in Australia
C) Glasgow, Edinburgh, or northern England
D) Rural farming communities in Canada
  • 28. What did tens of thousands of emigrants find opportunities to do in Canada or the United States?
A) Own and farm their own land
B) Serve in London society
C) Work as year-by-year tenants for landlords
D) Engage in kelping and linen spinning
  • 29. What title was given to many people who remained on very small rented farms in the Highlands?
A) Farmhands
B) Crofters
C) Lairds
D) Dukes
  • 30. What kind of tenure did crofters have on their very small rented farms?
A) Year-by-year eviction notices
B) Indefinite tenure
C) No tenure at all
D) Permanent land ownership
  • 31. What were the small rented farms of crofters used for?
A) To raise various crops and animals
B) To establish purpose-built villages
C) To breed sheep on a massive ranch scale
D) To build industrial factories
  • 32. What was kelping?
A) A type of reaping machine
B) An important source of additional revenue for remaining families
C) A method of ploughing subsoil
D) A system of money rents
  • 33. Besides kelping and fishing, what other activities provided additional revenue for Highland families?
A) Landlord management and sheep shearing
B) Reaping grain and building railways
C) Spinning of linen and military service
D) Political lobbying in London
  • 34. What region's farmland improvements marked the beginning of the agricultural transformation in Scotland?
A) Scottish Highlands
B) Scottish Lowlands
C) Orkney Islands
D) Shetland Islands
  • 35. What was the traditional system of agriculture in Scotland generally called?
A) Runrig system
B) Open-field manorial system
C) Feudal strip system
D) Enclosure system
  • 36. When did the runrig system possibly originate?
A) 19th century
B) 17th century
C) Late Middle Ages
D) Early Roman period
  • 37. What was the basic pre-improvement farming unit in the Highlands called?
A) Baile
B) Rig
C) Fermetoun
D) Runrig
  • 38. What was the basic pre-improvement farming unit in the Lowlands called?
A) Baile
B) Husbandman
C) Fermetoun
D) Cottar
  • 39. How were individual parts of arable land shared out in the run rig system?
A) By government decree
B) By lot on a regular basis
C) By auctioning to the highest bidder
D) By permanent inheritance
  • 40. What did most settlements depend on before the 17th century?
A) Lowland grain surpluses
B) What was produced locally
C) International imports
D) Highland cattle trade
  • 41. What animals were mostly used to pull the ploughs in heavy Scottish soil?
A) Donkeys
B) Horses
C) Oxen
D) Mules
  • 42. Who occupied small portions of land, shared common pasture rights, and participated as hired labour?
A) Free tenants
B) Husbandmen
C) Lesser landholders
D) Cottars
  • 43. Who had rights only to grazing on the farms?
A) Grassmen
B) Tenant farmers
C) Husbandmen
D) Cottars
  • 44. When were three acts of parliament passed that allowed the consolidation of runrigs and division of common land?
A) 1695
B) 1750
C) 1600
D) 1801
  • 45. In what year was the Society of Improvers founded?
A) 1723
B) 1707
C) 1739
D) 1750
  • 46. Approximately how many members did the Society of Improvers have?
A) 500
B) 100
C) 1000
D) 300
  • 47. In the first half of the century, changes were limited to tenanted farms in which region?
A) The Borders
B) East Lothian
C) Ayrshire
D) Central Scotland
  • 48. What substance was put down on the land to improve it?
A) Sand
B) Salt
C) Clay
D) Lime
  • 49. What agricultural method involving crops was introduced?
A) Slash and burn
B) Crop rotation
C) Terrace farming
D) Single-crop farming
  • 50. In what year was the potato introduced to Scotland?
A) 1739
B) 1707
C) 1723
D) 1755
  • 51. Whose diet was greatly improved by the introduction of the potato?
A) Gentry
B) Peasantry
C) Landlords
D) Nobility
  • 52. Which region became a major centre of grain production?
A) The Lothians
B) The Borders
C) East Lothian only
D) Ayrshire
  • 53. Which region became a major centre for cattle breeding?
A) The Borders
B) Ayrshire
C) East Lothian
D) The Lothians
  • 54. Which region became a major centre for sheep farming?
A) The Borders
B) Central Scotland
C) The Lothians
D) Ayrshire
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