- 1. What is the atomic number of unbinilium?
A) 120
B) 118
C) 119
D) 121
- 2. Which institution started experiments to create element 120 in March–April 2007 using 58Fe and 244Pu?
A) Oak Ridge National Laboratory
B) Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
C) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
D) GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research
- 3. What are isotopes of unbinilium predicted to have in terms of alpha decay half-lives?
A) Minutes
B) Milliseconds
C) Seconds
D) Microseconds
- 4. What cross section limit was provided by the initial JINR analysis for element 120 production in 2007?
A) 200 fb
B) 1.6 pb
C) 400 fb
D) 90 fb
- 5. Which elements were used by the GSI team in April 2007 to attempt to create element 120?
A) Curium and chromium
B) Californium and titanium
C) Uranium and nickel
D) Plutonium and iron
- 6. What cross section limit was initially found by the GSI team using uranium-238 and nickel-64?
A) 400 fb
B) 90 fb
C) 1.6 pb
D) 200 fb
- 7. In which months and years did the GSI repeat their uranium-nickel experiment with higher sensitivity for the third separate run?
A) January–March 2008
B) September–October 2008
C) June–July 2010
D) April–May 2007
- 8. What cross section limit did the GSI reach after repeating their uranium-nickel experiment in multiple runs?
A) 200 fb
B) 90 fb
C) 1.6 pb
D) 400 fb
- 9. Which reaction did scientists at the GSI attempt in June–July 2010 and 2011 after upgrading their equipment?
A) 248Cm + 54Cr
B) 238U + 64Ni
C) 244Pu + 58Fe
D) 249Cf + 50Ti
- 10. Why was the fusion reaction using curium and chromium expected to have a quintuple probability of synthesizing element 120?
A) Strong dependence on asymmetry
B) Lower beam energy
C) Shorter half-lives
D) Higher target radioactivity
- 11. What was the granddaughter of 299120 mentioned in the GSI's 2010-2011 experiment results?
A) 290Lv
B) 288Lv
C) 295Og
D) 291Lv
- 12. Why were the correlated signals observed in the GSI curium-chromium experiment ultimately not confirmed as element 120?
A) Lifetimes were much longer than expected
B) Decay energies did not match predictions
C) The equipment malfunctioned
D) The cross section was too low
- 13. Which facility at the GSI was used in August–October 2011 to try the californium and titanium reaction?
A) TASCA
B) Dubna gas-filled recoil separator
C) 88-inch cyclotron
D) JINR accelerator
- 14. What reaction was tried unsuccessfully in 2012 during an attempt to make element 119 because 249Bk decays to 249Cf?
A) 248Cm + 54Cr
B) 249Cf + 50Ti
C) 244Pu + 58Fe
D) 238U + 64Ni
- 15. What limiting cross-section was implied by the unsuccessful californium and titanium experiment at TASCA?
A) 200 fb
B) 400 fb
C) 1.6 pb
D) 90 fb
- 16. Who predicted the actual maximum cross-section for producing element 120 by any of the attempted reactions to be around 0.1 fb?
A) The JINR team
B) Oganesson
C) Jens Volker Kratz
D) The LBNL team
- 17. What was the world record for the smallest cross section of a successful reaction mentioned in the text?
A) 0.1 fb
B) 90 fb
C) 30 fb
D) 20 fb
- 18. What maximum cross-section did Jens Volker Kratz predict for producing the neighboring element 119?
A) 200 fb
B) 0.1 fb
C) 30 fb
D) 20 fb
- 19. According to Kratz's predictions, what would synthesizing element 120 require?
A) Current technology
B) Higher beam intensity only
C) Longer radioactive targets
D) New methods
- 20. In what month and year did the JINR announce plans to investigate the californium-titanium reaction in their new facility?
A) May 2021
B) February 2022
C) April 2007
D) Late 2023
- 21. Which organization in the United States would have had to make the californium target for the JINR's planned 2021 investigation?
A) GSI Helmholtz Centre
B) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
C) Oak Ridge National Laboratory
D) Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
- 22. Why did collaboration between the JINR and other institutes completely cease after February 2022?
A) Closure of the Dubna facility
B) Lack of funding for targets
C) Successful synthesis of element 120
D) Russian invasion of Ukraine and sanctions
- 23. When was a preparatory experiment using chromium-54 projectiles conducted by the JINR, successfully synthesising 288Lv?
A) 2025
B) February 2022
C) May 2021
D) Late 2023
- 24. By what year do they hope for experiments to synthesise element 120 to begin following the JINR's chromium-54 preparatory work?
A) 2023
B) 2021
C) 2025
D) 2022
- 25. What equipment is being used starting from 2022 at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory to attempt to make new elements using titanium-50?
A) Dubna gas-filled separator
B) TASCA facility
C) Oak Ridge reactor
D) 88-inch cyclotron
- 26. Which isotope was successfully created in 2024 at LBNL during the test of the plutonium-titanium reaction?
A) 290Lv
B) 288Lv
C) 291Lv
D) 295Og
- 27. Which laboratory is collaborating with the LBNL on the project to make element 120 using titanium-50?
A) Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
B) Oak Ridge National Laboratory
C) Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
D) GSI Helmholtz Centre
- 28. Which reaction successfully produced oganesson in 2006, inspiring the Dubna team's subsequent element 120 experiments?
A) 244Pu + 58Fe
B) 238U + 64Ni
C) 249Cf + 48Ca
D) 249Cf + 50Ti
- 29. What was the name of the daughter product matched to the correlated signals in the 2010-2011 GSI experiment?
A) 290Lv
B) 288Lv
C) 295Og
D) 291Lv
- 30. In which city is the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory located?
A) Darmstadt, Germany
B) Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States
C) Dubna, Russia
D) Berkeley, California, United States
- 31. In which country is the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research located?
A) Germany
B) Russia
C) United States
D) France
- 32. What type of projectiles were used in the preparatory experiment conducted by the JINR in late 2023?
A) 54Cr
B) 50Ti
C) 58Fe
D) 48Ca
- 33. Who suggested two forms of the extended periodic table up to 172?
A) Fricke
B) Pyykkö
C) Nefedov
D) Andrey Kulsha
- 34. Whose versions up to 164 did Kulsha's extended periodic table build on and refine?
A) Nefedov et al.
B) Oganessian et al.
C) Fricke et al.
D) Smits et al.
- 35. Whose calculations were referenced in Kulsha's extended periodic table up to 172?
A) Oganessian's
B) Utyonkov's
C) Pyykkö's
D) Indelicato's
- 36. In Kulsha's table, elements 157–172 are placed as eighth-period congeners of which fifth-period group?
A) Lanthanum through lutetium
B) Yttrium through palladium
C) Yttrium through xenon
D) Scandium through krypton
- 37. Nefedov et al. placed elements 157–164 under which group of elements?
A) Titanium through silver
B) Scandium through bromine
C) Yttrium through xenon
D) Yttrium through palladium
- 38. Which elements lack precise analogues among earlier elements, according to Kulsha?
A) 119–120
B) 139–170
C) 121–156
D) 157–172
- 39. In Kulsha's first form (2011), elements 121–138 and 139–156 are together called what?
A) Ultrransition elements
B) Superheavy elements
C) Congeners
D) Transactinides
- 40. The rows in Kulsha's 2011 form are related by the addition of which subshell into the core?
A) 4f14
B) 5g18
C) 6d10
D) 5f14
- 41. In Kulsha's second suggestion from 2016, elements 121–142 form what block due to 5g activity?
A) f-block
B) g-block
C) d-block
D) s-block
- 42. In Kulsha's 2016 suggestion, elements 143–156 form an f-block placed under which elements?
A) Scandium through zinc
B) Lanthanum through lutetium
C) Yttrium through xenon
D) Actinium through nobelium
- 43. How many elements does period 8 emerge with in Kulsha's structure?
A) 32
B) 50
C) 54
D) 18
- 44. According to Kulsha's layout, what is the next noble element after element 118?
A) 168
B) 172
C) 156
D) 170
- 45. What basis did Smits et al. use to attempt to place elements 119 to 170 in the periodic table?
A) Electron configurations
B) Half-life decay rates
C) Cross-section yields
D) Oxidation states
- 46. In the work by Smits et al., which element appeared twice?
A) 168
B) 121
C) 119
D) 145
- 47. Attempts have been made to synthesize period 8 elements up to unbiseptium, except for which one?
A) Unbiunium
B) Ununennium
C) Unbinilium
D) Unbitrium
- 48. What is the status of synthesis attempts for ununennium and unbinilium as of 2026?
A) Ongoing
B) Permanently abandoned
C) Never attempted
D) Successfully completed
- 49. In what year was the synthesis of element 119 (ununennium) first attempted?
A) 2012
B) 1985
C) 2018
D) 2023
- 50. What target and projectile were used in the 1985 attempt to synthesize ununennium?
A) Berkelium-249 target with titanium-50 ions
B) Einsteinium-254 target with calcium-48 ions
C) Uranium-238 target with chromium-54 ions
D) Curium-248 target with vanadium-51 beam
- 51. What was the limiting cross section resulting from the 1985 attempt to synthesize element 119?
A) 70 fb
B) 0.5 pb
C) 300 nb
D) 480 fb
- 52. What is the short half-life with which berkelium-249 decays to californium-249?
A) 327 days
B) 5 months
C) 1 year
D) 100 days
- 53. What type of electronics did the GSI team use to register decay events within microseconds due to predicted short half-lives?
A) Fast electronics
B) Cryogenic electronics
C) Silicon-strip detectors
D) High-intensity linear amplifiers
- 54. Which institution began bombarding curium-248 targets with a vanadium-51 beam in January 2018?
A) Berkeley in California
B) RIKEN in Wakō, Japan
C) GSI in Darmstadt, Germany
D) JINR in Dubna, Russia
- 55. Why did RIKEN choose curium-248 as a target instead of heavier berkelium or californium?
A) Curium has a much longer half-life
B) Curium yields a higher reaction asymmetry
C) Heavier targets are difficult to prepare
D) Curium is cheaper to purchase
- 56. In what year was RIKEN's linear accelerator upgrade completed?
A) 2023
B) 2020
C) 2012
D) 2018
- 57. For how many days a year is RIKEN's experiment currently running intermittently?
A) 365 days
B) 50 days
C) 327 days
D) At least 100 days
- 58. In late 2023, the JINR reported the successful synthesis of which new isotope of livermorium using a 54Cr projectile?
A) 288Lv
B) 302119
C) 295119
D) 299119
- 59. Who stated at the JINR in February 2026 that an experiment to synthesize element 119 would begin in May of that year?
A) Vladimir Utyonkov
B) Andrey Kulsha
C) Pyykkö
D) Yuri Oganessian
- 60. How are elements usually referred to in literature instead of their systematic names?
A) By their atomic numbers
B) By their predicted group names
C) By their discovered discoverer's name
D) By their temporary symbols
- 61. What is the systematic symbol for element 164?
A) Uhs
B) Upt
C) Uhq
D) Use
- 62. Up to which orbital are orbitals assumed to be filled at element 118?
A) 8s
B) 6d
C) 7s
D) 7p
- 63. According to a simple extrapolation from the Aufbau principle, what is the order of orbital filling in the eighth row?
A) 8s, 8p, 5g, 6f, 7d
B) 8s, 5g, 6f, 7d, 8p
C) 5g, 6f, 7d, 8s, 8p
D) 8s, 7d, 6f, 5g, 8p
- 64. What caused some elements to be displaced from the Madelung energy-ordering rule in Fricke's model?
A) Overlapping orbitals resulting from relativistic effects
B) Magnetic dipole interactions in heavy nuclei
C) Sudden expansion of the core electron shells
D) Errors in the initial Aufbau principle extrapolation
- 65. In Fricke et al.'s table, which groups are elements 156–164 placed in based on their formal configurations?
A) Groups 13–18
B) Groups 1–3
C) Groups 4–12
D) Groups 5–10
- 66. Which shell is not available for chemical bonding in elements 156–164 according to Fricke et al.?
A) 8s shell
B) 9s shell
C) 7d shell
D) 5g shell
- 67. Which shell is available for chemical bonding instead of the 8s shell in elements 156–164?
A) 7s shell
B) 9s shell
C) 6f shell
D) 8p shell
- 68. What electron configuration does element 164 have in Fricke et al.'s model?
A) 7d89s2
B) 8s28p4
C) 9s29p2
D) 7d109s0
- 69. What is the electron configuration of palladium?
A) 4d85s2
B) 5d106s0
C) 3d104s2
D) 4d105s0
- 70. To which groups do Fricke et al. consider elements 157–172 to have chemical analogies?
A) Groups 8–18
B) Groups 3–18
C) Groups 4–15
D) Groups 1–12
- 71. When were elements beyond the actinides first proposed to exist?
A) 1922
B) 1955
C) 1913
D) 1895
- 72. Which chemist predicted a 32-element period ending at an inactive element with atomic weight 292?
A) Johannes Rydberg
B) Glenn T. Seaborg
C) Richard Swinne
D) Hans Peter Jørgen Julius Thomsen
E) Niels Bohr
- 73. What atomic weight did Hans Peter Jørgen Julius Thomsen predict for the end of the 32-element period?
A) 292
B) 294
C) 118
D) 168
- 74. Which physicist predicted in 1913 that the next noble gas after radon would have atomic number 118?
A) Johannes Rydberg
B) Fricke
C) Richard Swinne
D) Niels Bohr
- 75. Who predicted the electronic structure of the noble gas at Z = 118 in 1922?
A) Pekka Pyykkö
B) Johannes Rydberg
C) Niels Bohr
D) Glenn T. Seaborg
- 76. Who published a review paper in 1926 containing predictions on transuranic elements and may have coined the term?
A) Pekka Pyykkö
B) Hans Peter Jørgen Julius Thomsen
C) Fricke
D) Richard Swinne
- 77. When did Richard Swinne first hypothesise that half-lives should not decrease strictly with atomic number?
A) 1914
B) 1957
C) 1922
D) 1895
- 78. By what year were elements beyond actinides called superheavy elements?
A) 1926
B) 1969
C) 1971
D) 1955
- 79. When were the first predictions on properties of undiscovered superheavy elements made based on nuclear shells?
A) 1957
B) 1967
C) 2010
D) 1971
- 80. In what year were more rigorous calculations performed centering the island of stability at flerovium?
A) 1967
B) 2010
C) 1957
D) 1971
- 81. Which element was theorized to be the center of the island of stability in rigorous 1967 calculations?
A) Tennessine
B) Flerovium
C) Unbiseptium
D) Oganesson
- 82. What is the atomic number of unbiseptium, up to which synthesis has been attempted?
A) 127
B) 123
C) 117
D) 118
- 83. What is the atomic number of unbitrium, the only element up to Z = 127 whose synthesis had not been attempted by April 2022?
A) 123
B) 126
C) 114
D) 121
- 84. What was the heaviest successfully synthesized element as mentioned in the text?
A) Oganesson
B) Unbiseptium
C) Tennessine
D) Flerovium
- 85. In what year was oganesson successfully synthesized?
A) 2010
B) 1967
C) 1971
D) 2002
- 86. In what year was tennessine discovered?
A) 1967
B) 2010
C) 2002
D) 1971
- 87. Who first proposed an additional eighth period containing superheavy elements beyond the seven-period table?
A) Pekka Pyykkö
B) Niels Bohr
C) Richard Swinne
D) Glenn T. Seaborg
- 88. In what year did Glenn T. Seaborg first propose an eighth period in the periodic table?
A) 1971
B) 1969
C) 1957
D) 1955
- 89. What new series did Glenn T. Seaborg's eighth-period model introduce beginning at element 121?
A) Actinide series
B) Superactinide series
C) Lanthanide series
D) Transuranic series
- 90. What atomic number corresponds to the element oganesson?
A) 114
B) 126
C) 118
D) 117
- 91. What atomic number corresponds to the element tennessine?
A) 118
B) 117
C) 127
D) 123
- 92. What atomic number corresponds to the element flerovium?
A) 126
B) 121
C) 114
D) 118
- 93. Which period of the periodic table is completed by oganesson?
A) Eighth
B) Seventh
C) Ninth
D) Sixth
- 94. What is the systematic name of the element with atomic number 121?
A) oganesson
B) unbinilium
C) unbiunium
D) ununoctium
- 95. Which effect reduces the validity of the orbital approximation substantially for elements of high atomic number?
A) thermal expansion
B) spin–orbit coupling
C) gravitational pull
D) magnetic resonance
- 96. According to the IUPAC definition, what is the minimum lifetime required for an element to officially exist?
A) 10−18 seconds
B) 10−14 seconds
C) 10−10 seconds
D) 1 second
- 97. What value represents the reciprocal of the fine-structure constant (1/α)?
A) 118.000
B) 137.036
C) 164.500
D) 121.121
- 98. What is predicted to be unable to exist beyond the critical limit of Z ≈ 168–172, rather than neutral atoms?
A) Alpha particles
B) Bare nuclei
C) G-block orbitals
D) Electron clouds
- 99. What are atoms beyond the critical atomic number (Z ≈ 168–172) called?
A) Hypothetical atoms
B) Fissionable nuclei
C) Radioactive isomers
D) Supercritical atoms
- 100. What is the electron configuration comparison given for element 160 by Nefedov et al.?
A) 7d5 9s1 vs Mo 4d5 5s1
B) 7d7 9s1 vs Ru 4d7 5s1
C) 7d4 9s1 vs Nb 4d4 5s1
D) 7d10 9s0 vs Pd 4d10 5s0
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