A) A mammoth steppe B) A taiga steppe C) An alpine steppe D) A boreal steppe
A) Up to 5 °C (9 °F) B) Up to 16 °C (29 °F) C) Up to 10 °C (18 °F) D) Up to 25 °C (45 °F)
A) Only in Eurasia B) Only in North America C) Yes, extensive evidence D) No, there is no evidence
A) They immediately domesticated themselves B) They switched entirely to eating plants C) They migrated to the tropics D) They suffered coextinction
A) 32,000 YBP B) 26,500 YBP C) 80,000 YBP D) 1 million YBP
A) Southern Spain and the Iberian Peninsula B) The high Arctic islands of Canada C) Central Eurasia and the Ural Mountains D) Eastern Beringia at Old Crow, Yukon, and Cripple Creek Sump, Fairbanks
A) 25,000 YBP B) 1 million YBP C) 80,000 YBP D) 32,000 YBP
A) 80,000 YBP B) 25,000 YBP C) 1 million YBP D) 32,000 YBP
A) The height of the Last Glacial Maximum B) The complete domestication of the dog C) The commencement of their global demographic decline D) The extinction of the dire wolf
A) Shifts in global magnetic fields B) Differences in their prey size C) Direct human breeding programs D) Volcanic ash accumulation
A) Isolation on remote islands B) A preference for larger prey C) A diet consisting exclusively of fish D) Living in warmer lowland regions
A) More cranio-dentally robust B) More gracile and delicate C) Possessing longer and narrower rostra D) Lacking premolars entirely
A) The processing of carcass and bone associated with Pleistocene megafauna B) Eating tough aquatic vegetation C) Catching fast-moving avian prey D) Digging deep underground burrows
A) The Tasmanian wolf B) The Falkland Islands wolf C) The Ethiopian wolf D) The dire wolf
A) The saber-toothed cat B) The brown bear C) The modern spotted hyena D) The African wild dog
A) That they survived unchanged to the present day B) That they evolved directly into modern domestic cats C) That the ancient wolves went extinct D) That they never interbred with other populations
A) Approximately 1 million YBP B) Approximately 10,000 YBP C) Approximately 25,000 YBP D) Approximately 80,000 YBP
A) The Late Pleistocene Interglacial B) The Holocene Thermal Maximum C) The Last Glacial Maximum D) The Younger Dryas
A) An Iberian refuge B) A Beringia refuge C) A Himalayan refuge D) An African refuge
A) They replaced them B) They drove them southward into Africa C) They domesticated them D) They protected them
A) Through direct lineal descent B) Without a doubt C) Yes, exclusively D) Probably not
A) Coat colour genes related to immunity B) Carnivorous digestive enzymes C) Larger body sizes and longer tails D) Resistance to high altitudes
A) The Indian plains wolf B) The modern dire wolf C) The Himalayan wolf D) One or more ancient populations existing prior to the bottleneck
A) Modern grey wolves from the Beringian refuge B) Spotted hyenas C) Apex predators of the deep forest D) Ancient wolf populations prior to the bottleneck
A) On the bottom trophic level B) On the top trophic level C) On the mesopredator level D) On the primary consumer level
A) A mesopredator B) An apex consumer C) An apex predator D) A primary producer
A) Primary producers B) Super-apex predators C) Herbivores D) Mesopredators
A) A pure mesopredator B) Today's apex predator C) A helpless herbivore D) An extinct scavenger
A) A solitary nomad B) A domestic livestock animal C) A wild primate D) An apex consumer
A) Its immediate extinction alongside megafauna B) Its evolutionary success through expansion into a new ecological niche C) Its return to a purely solitary lifestyle D) Its permanent confinement to glaciers
A) That dogs evolved from the dire wolf B) That dogs were never related to canids C) That dogs evolved from the spotted hyena D) That dogs evolved from the modern grey wolf
A) The modern grey wolf B) An extinct type of wolf C) The Himalayan wolf exclusively D) An ancient species of wildcat
A) Absence from the skull B) Complete atrophy C) Reduction in size D) Pronounced development
A) A missing rostrum B) A shortened rostrum C) A brightly colored rostrum D) An elongated rostrum
A) Robust premolars B) Reduced premolars C) Brittle premolars D) Flat herbivorous premolars
A) They only ate soft fruit and berries B) They refused to eat bones C) They exclusively hunted fish D) They were habitual bone crackers
A) That it only appeared after the Holocene B) That it originated in South America C) That it was around for hundreds of thousands of years D) That it descended directly from domestic dogs
A) They dismissed the finding as false B) They already predicted it in 1900 C) They were completely unsurprised D) They were very surprised
A) The dire wolf and the timber wolf B) The Arctic wolf and the Mexican wolf C) The Yukon wolf and the Eurasian wolf D) The Himalayan wolf and the Indian plains wolf
A) The sudden appearance of modern humans in America B) The domestication of the horse C) Extinctions of ecomorphs and phylogeographic shifts D) Massive expansion of tropical rainforests
A) Canis lupus B) Canis aureus C) Canis familiaris D) Canis latrans
A) Artificial selective breeding B) Parallel evolution in the wild C) Substantial dog-into-wolf gene flow D) Recent cross-breeding in captivity
A) The pig B) The wolf C) The dog D) The cat
A) Natural selection B) Social selection C) Sexual selection D) Artificial selection
A) The Bonn–Oberkassel dog B) The Erralla dog C) The Palegawra dog D) The Ain Mallaha dog
A) Australia B) Sub-Saharan Africa C) Eurasia D) North America
A) Palegawra dog B) Erralla dog C) Ain Mallaha dog D) Bonn–Oberkassel dog
A) 7,000 cal BP B) 14,500 cal BP C) 11,400 cal BP D) 17,500 cal BP
A) Balkan region B) Franco-Cantabrian region C) Carpathian region D) Italian peninsula
A) Magdalenian culture B) Zarzian culture C) Azilian culture D) Natufian culture
A) Abri le Morin B) Erralla site C) Ain Mallaha D) Kesslerloch
A) Palegawra B) Kebara Cave C) Hayonim Cave D) Shillourokambos
A) Ten B) Three C) Two D) Five
A) Western Europe B) Siberia C) The Levant D) Cyprus
A) The Levant B) Karelia C) Lake Baikal D) Ancient America
A) Lake Baikal B) Lake Superior C) The Black Sea D) The Caspian Sea
A) East Asia B) The Near East C) Western Europe D) Siberia
A) Phylogenetic analysis B) Cytological analysis C) Morphological analysis D) Histological analysis
A) Post-domestication gene flow B) Incomplete lineage sorting C) Phylogenetic drift D) Mutation sparsity
A) 2014 B) 2017 C) 2013 D) 2015
A) Eurasian steppes B) Last Glacial Maximum refuge C) Taymyr Peninsula D) Przewalski region
A) Whole genome sequencing of horses B) Pleistocene bone structure C) Nuclear genome D) Mitochondrial DNA
A) Modern wolf ancestors B) Dog-like fossils C) Horse fossils D) Pleistocene human remains
A) Domestication pens B) Human agriculture C) Dietary shifts D) Climate
A) Western Europe B) Central Asia C) North America D) Southeast Asia
A) Incomplete lineage sorting B) Natural hybridization C) Genetic bottlenecks D) Introgression
A) Central Asia B) The Middle East C) Western Europe D) Southern Siberia
A) Extinct B) Common C) Complete D) Uncertain
A) Three B) Four C) Five D) Two
A) 78% B) 12% C) 64% D) 22%
A) Kesslerloch cave B) Erralla cave C) Grotta Romanelli D) Razboinichya Cave
A) 22% B) 64% C) 50% D) 12%
A) Little Ice Age events B) Dansgaard-Oeschger events C) Heinrich events D) Bond events
A) 12th century B) 15th century C) 19th century D) Ancient Roman times
A) Near San Lazzaro di Savena, Bologna, northern Italy B) Near Mechernich, Germany C) In the Altai Mountains, southern Siberia D) In Apulia, southern Italy
A) 2018 B) 2020 C) 2015 D) 2013
A) Floppy ears B) A wolf-like morphology C) A completely flat face D) A miniature body size
A) Femur B) Skull C) Humerus D) Jaw
A) 50 canid genomes B) 643 canid skulls C) 100 canid skeletons D) 1,000 canid teeth
A) WOLF1 B) DNA100 C) IFT88 D) SKULL50
A) Richard Leakey B) Charles Darwin C) Pontus Skoglund D) Gregor Mendel
A) Coevolutionary process B) A rapid mutation event C) Artificial selection only D) Linear biological evolution
A) Two B) Four C) One D) Three
A) Domestication B) Socialization C) Coevolution D) Bottleneck
A) Carnivores B) Ungulates C) Rodents D) Primates
A) Balto B) Romeo C) White Fang D) Lobo
A) Phenotype divergence B) A population bottleneck C) Agricultural development D) Socialization
A) Agricultural pathway B) Directed pathway C) Prey pathway D) Commensal pathway
A) Carnivores rely entirely on plant-based diets B) Carnivores are easier to breed in captivity C) Carnivores have the most docile temperaments D) Carnivores are less afraid when approaching other species
A) Mustelidae B) Felidae C) Ursidae D) Canidae
A) Extremely aggressive lone wolves B) Alpha wolves seeking total control C) Less-aggressive, subdominant pack members D) Sick and injured older wolves
A) Artificial selection B) Self-domestication C) Genetic engineering D) Forced adaptation
A) Great reindeer herds B) Woolly mammoths C) Saber-toothed cats D) Wild horses
A) Ungulates B) Rodentia C) Carnivora D) Primates
A) 50% B) 20% C) 10% D) 80%
A) Illness B) Superhuman strength C) Better night vision D) Infertility
A) Game meat B) Fish C) Plant foods D) Fat
A) Marrow with high carbohydrate content B) Fatty oils C) Dry calcium D) Poisonous toxins
A) Months B) Years without any limit C) A couple of hours D) Only a few days
A) Spotted calico B) Pure white C) Solid black D) Agouti |