- 1. Which term refers to a systematic plan of procedures for collecting and interpreting criminological data?
A) Police Operations
B) Research Methodology
C) Ethical Standards
D) Criminal Typology
- 2. What research method aims to describe characteristics or events in criminal justice without manipulating variables?
A) Predictive Modeling
B) Experimental Approach
C) Operational Policing
D) Descriptive Research
- 3. Which study focuses on presenting detailed accounts of criminological phenomena through observation and documentation?
A) Predictive Studies
B) Comparative Research
C) Descriptive Studies
D) Forensic Analysis
- 4. What research examines statistical relationships between criminological variables without proving cause-and-effect?
A) Correlation Studies
B) Action Research
C) Field Surveying
D) Penal Code Interpretation
- 5. Which research approach explores individuals’ lived experiences related to crime or victimization?
A) Tactical Investigation
B) Phenomenological Studies
C) Forensic Evaluation
D) Administrative Profiling
- 6. What philosophical approach emphasizes understanding human experiences behind criminal actions and justice practices?
A) Phenomenology
B) Rational Choice Theory
C) Social Learning Theory
D) Retributive Justice
- 7. What research method involves in-depth study of one person, event, or criminal institution?
A) Criminal Profiling
B) Court Hearings
C) Case Studies
D) Legal Drafting
- 8. Which research type clarifies why criminological events occur by determining causal relationships?
A) Narrative Inquiry
B) Legal Review
C) Which research type clarifies why criminological events occur by determining causal relationships?
D) Conflict Resolution
- 9. What research design manipulates independent variables to observe effects under controlled conditions?
A) Ethnographic Study
B) Policy Monitoring
C) Experimental Research
D) Field Audit
- 10. Which design uses comparison groups without random assignment to evaluate the impact of criminology programs?
A) Historical Mapping
B) Procedural Audit
C) Recursive Sampling
D) Quasi-Experimental Design
- 11. Which research tracks criminological variables over a long period to observe behavioral changes?
A) Cross-Sectional Study
B) Ethnographic Research
C) Longitudinal Studies
D) Case Study
- 12. Which study collects data at a single point to analyze patterns within criminal populations?
A) Longitudinal Research
B) Cross-Sectional Studies
C) Experimental Study
D) Correlation Research
- 13. Which qualitative research involves immersion in criminal subcultures to understand behaviors and social interactions?
A) Ethnographic Research
B) Experimental Research
C) Case Study
D) Phenomenological Research
- 14. Which study examines past criminal events and justice practices using archival documents and statistics?
A) Experimental Design
B) Cross-Sectional Research
C) Historical Research
D) Experimental Design
- 15. Which method combines qualitative and quantitative approaches for richer understanding?
A) Longitudinal Research
B) Case Study
C) Phenomenology
D) Mixed-Methods Research
- 16. Which research aims to expand theoretical knowledge about crime without immediate practical application?
A) Applied Research
B) Explanatory Research
C) Basic Research
D) Evaluative Research
- 17. Which research is designed to solve practical criminological problems in policies and law enforcement?
A) Historical Study
B) Basic Research
C) Applied Research
D) Phenomenological Research
- 18. Which research assesses the effectiveness of programs or strategies in criminal justice agencies?
A) Explanatory Research
B) Predictive Research
C) Descriptive Research
D) Evaluative Research
- 19. Which study compares crime patterns, justice systems, or behaviors across different jurisdictions or cultures?
A) Comparative Research
B) Case Study
C) Ethnographic Study
D) Longitudinal Research
- 20. Which research attempts to forecast future criminal behaviors using statistical models?
A) Correlation Study
B) Predictive Research
C) Experimental Research
D) Descriptive Research
- 21. What guides the procedures and strategies for collecting, analyzing, and interpreting criminological data?
A) Research Instrument
B) Sampling Technique
C) Conceptual Framework
D) Research Design
- 22. Which method is used to select participants from a population for criminological research?
A) Data Cleaning
B) Trend Analysis
C) Sampling Technique
D) Regression Analysis
- 23. What refers to the complete group of individuals sharing characteristics relevant to a study?
A) Subgroup
B) Cluster
C) Population
D) Sample
- 24. What is a subgroup selected to represent the population in research?
A) Population
B) Sample
C) Cluster
D) Variable
- 25. Which selection method gives each population member equal chance of inclusion?
A) Probability Sampling
B) Cluster Sampling
C) Convenience Sampling
D) Stratified Sampling
- 26. Which sampling technique ensures every unit has equal chance of selection?
A) Stratified Sampling
B) Cluster Sampling
C) Purposive Sampling
D) Simple Random Sampling
- 27. Which method divides the population into subgroups for proportionate representation?
A) Simple Random Sampling
B) Cluster Sampling
C) Purposive Sampling
D) Stratified Sampling
- 28. Which sampling selects groups rather than individuals, useful in large-scale studies?
A) Stratified Sampling
B) Purposive Sampling
C) Cluster Sampling
D) Simple Random Sampling
- 29. Which non-probability sampling selects participants based on relevant characteristics?
A) Convenience Sampling
B) Cluster Sampling
C) Simple Random Sampling
D) Purposive Sampling
- 30. Which method chooses readily available participants when access is limited?
A) Convenience Sampling
B) Probability Sampling
C) Purposive Sampling
D) Cluster Sampling
- 31. Which tool is used to collect data like questionnaires, interviews, or tests?
A) Data Cleaning
B) Research Instrument
C) Sampling Technique
D) Population
- 32. Which is a structured set of questions measuring attitudes or behaviors?
A) Questionnaire
B) Interview Schedule
C) Tabulation Chart
D) Coding Sheet
- 33. Which is a structured outline of questions administered personally for qualitative data?
A) Literature Review
B) Research Design
C) Questionnaire
D) Interview Schedule
- 34. What measures the accuracy of an instrument in capturing intended variables?
A) Tabulation
B) Content Analysis
C) Reliability
D) Validity
- 35. What measures consistency of research results when repeated under similar conditions?
A) Regression Analysis
B) Frequency Distribution
C) Reliability
D) Validity
- 36. Which validity measures if the instrument represents the entire domain of a concept?
A) Content Validity
B) Internal Validity
C) Criterion Validity
D) Construct Validity
- 37. Which validity measures whether an instrument captures abstract theoretical ideas?
A) Criterion Validity
B) Content Validity
C) Construct Validity
D) Reliability
- 38. Which validity checks if a tool can predict performance based on established benchmarks?
A) Content Validity
B) Internal Validity
C) Criterion Validity
D) Construct Validity
- 39. Which validity refers to confidence in causal relationships within experiments?
A) Content Validity
B) External Validity
C) Reliability
D) Internal Validity
- 40. Which validity ensures results can be generalized to broader populations?
A) Internal Validity
B) Criterion Validity
C) External Validity
D) Content Validity
- 41. Which statistics summarize numerical criminological data through averages, percentages, or frequencies?
A) Descriptive Statistics
B) Inferential Statistics
C) Regression Analysis
D) Frequency Analysis
- 42. Which statistics make predictions about populations from sample findings?
A) Coding
B) Inferential Statistics
C) Descriptive Statistics
D) Trend Analysis
- 43. Which represents the arithmetic average of criminological data?
A) Frequency
B) Mean
C) Standard Deviation
D) Median
- 44. Which is the middle value in an ordered dataset?
A) Median
B) Mean
C) Mode
D) Frequency
- 45. Which value occurs most frequently in a dataset?
A) Mean
B) Standard Deviation
C) Mode
D) Median
- 46. Which measures variability of data from the mean?
A) Mean
B) Standard Deviation
C) Frequency Distribution
D) Mode
- 47. Which presents how often data values occur in categories?
A) Coding Sheet
B) Regression Table
C) Frequency Distribution
D) Standard Deviation
- 48. Which value determines the strength and direction of relationships between variables?
A) Correlation Coefficient
B) Regression Analysis
C) Standard Deviation
D) Frequency Distribution
- 49. Which method predicts relationships between variables to estimate outcomes?
A) Inferential Analysis
B) Regression Analysis
C) Correlation Study
D) Descriptive Study
- 50. Which is a preliminary trial of research instruments to identify weaknesses?
A) Pilot Testing
B) Data Interpretation
C) Trend Analysis
D) Data Cleaning
- 51. What identifies a criminological issue requiring investigation?
A) Hypothesis
B) Scope
C) Research Problem
D) Variable
- 52. What systematically recognizes gaps in criminological understanding for research?
A) Literature Review
B) Assumption
C) Research Framework
D) Problem Identification
- 53. What articulates the criminological concern specifying variables and boundaries?
A) Problem Definition
B) Theoretical Framework
C) Research Design
D) Operational Definition
- 54. What is a tentative explanation predicting relationships between variables?
A) Hypothesis
B) Research Design
C) Conceptual Framework
D) Assumption
- 55. Which statement suggests no significant relationship exists between variables?
A) Descriptive Statement
B) Alternative Hypothesis
C) Null Hypothesis
D) Predictive Statement
- 56. Which asserts there is a significant relationship between variables?
A) Alternative Hypothesis
B) Explanatory Research
C) Descriptive Study
D) Null Hypothesis
- 57. Which explains relationships among theories, variables, and concepts?
A) Operational Definition
B) Research Framework
C) Conceptualization
D) Literature Review
- 58. Which links concepts in a diagram supporting study direction?
A) Theoretical Framework
B) Conceptual Framework
C) Variable Analysis
D) Research Problem
- 59. Which section identifies theories guiding interpretation of research phenomena?
A) Theoretical Framework
B) Literature Review
C) Research Design
D) Conceptual Framework
- 60. What refers to characteristics capable of change and measurable in research?
A) Population
B) Hypothesis
C) Variables
D) Assumptions
- 61. Which factor is manipulated or considered the influencing cause in research?
A) Assumption
B) Dependent Variable
C) Scope
D) Independent Variable
- 62. Which is the outcome measured and affected by changes in the independent variable?
A) Hypothesis
B) Independent Variable
C) Delimitation
D) Dependent Variable
- 63. Which specifies how concepts will be measured or interpreted in a study?
A) Research Problem
B) Theoretical Framework
C) Operational Definition
D) Conceptual Framework
- 64. Which examines scholarly works supporting, comparing, and contextualizing research topics?
A) Data Cleaning
B) Literature Review
C) Regression Analysis
D) Pilot Testing
- 65. Which are original firsthand materials like statistics, interviews, or case records?
A) Operational Data
B) Conceptual Sources
C) Primary Sources
D) Secondary Sources
- 66. Which are interpreted data from authors analyzing primary sources?
A) Secondary Sources
B) Conceptual Frameworks
C) Primary Sources
D) Research Instruments
- 67. Which process defines ideas clearly for measurable application in research?
A) Tabulation
B) Literature Review
C) Coding
D) Conceptualization
- 68. Which specifies boundaries and limitations of research variables, participants, or settings?
A) Scope of Study
B) Delimitation
C) Assumption
D) Hypothesis
- 69. Which refers to conditions accepted as true for research to proceed logically?
A) Pilot Test
B) Hypothesis
C) Variables
D) Assumptions
- 70. Which defines the boundaries, subjects, location, and time period of a study?
A) Variables
B) Delimitation
C) Scope of the Study
D) Research Framework
- 71. Which refers to moral standards guiding responsible research conduct?
A) Privacy Rights
B) Transparency
C) Research Ethics
D) Risk Assessment
- 72. Which is voluntary agreement acknowledging understanding of research purpose, risks, and benefits?
A) Informed Consent
B) Voluntary Participation
C) Debriefing
D) Confidentiality
- 73. Which ensures private information collected from participants remains undisclosed?
A) Integrity
B) Anonymity
C) Confidentiality
D) Data Security
- 74. Which conceals participant identities so responses cannot be linked to individuals?
A) Privacy Rights
B) Confidentiality
C) Anonymity
D) Voluntary Participation
- 75. Which principle ensures research maximizes benefits while minimizing risks?
A) Non-Maleficence
B) Beneficence
C) Justice
D) Integrity
- 76. Which requires researchers to avoid causing harm or unnecessary distress?
A) Justice
B) Non-Maleficence
C) Beneficence
D) Transparency
- 77. Which ensures fairness in selection, treatment, and inclusion of participants?
A) Coercion
B) Transparency
C) Justice
D) Beneficence
- 78. Which guarantees participants join research without coercion or undue influence?
A) Voluntary Participation
B) Confidentiality
C) Anonymity
D) Informed Consent
- 79. Which protects research information from unauthorized access, use, or disclosure?
A) Transparency
B) Integrity
C) Privacy Rights
D) Data Security
- 80. Which is the unethical act of using others’ ideas or words without acknowledgment?
A) Plagiarism
B) Misrepresentation
C) Debriefing
D) Coercion
- 81. Which refers to honesty and accuracy throughout research activities?
A) Plagiarism
B) Transparency
C) Integrity
D) Coercion
- 82. Which explains study purposes, procedures, or withheld information to participants after research?
A) Informed Consent
B) Debriefing
C) Voluntary Participation
D) Confidentiality
- 83. Which is formal approval from a review board permitting research involving humans?
A) Ethical Clearance
B) Research Ethics
C) Informed Consent
D) Integrity
- 84. Which are prescribed professional guidelines ensuring responsible researcher actions?
A) Beneficence
B) Risk Assessment
C) Code of Ethics
D) Integrity
- 85. Which evaluates potential dangers participants might experience during research?
A) Ethical Clearance
B) Plagiarism
C) Risk Assessment
D) Data Security
- 86. Which participants require special ethical safeguards due to limited decision-making capacity?
A) Voluntary Participants
B) Population
C) Vulnerable Participants
D) Sample Group
- 87. Which is forcing participants to join research against their free will?
A) Voluntary Participation
B) Transparency
C) Coercion
D) Beneficence
- 88. Which is participant entitlement to control personal information shared in research?
A) Data Security
B) Confidentiality
C) Privacy Rights
D) Anonymity
- 89. Which ensures full disclosure of research intentions to foster trust and credibility?
A) Confidentiality
B) Beneficence
C) Transparency
D) Integrity
- 90. Which is deliberate distortion of research data or findings violating ethical standards?
A) Coercion
B) Plagiarism
C) Transparency
D) Misrepresentation
- 91. Which is the systematic organization and examination of collected data to find patterns?
A) Data Cleaning
B) Tabulation
C) Trend Analysis
D) Data Analysis
- 92. Which is the logical explanation of analyzed findings to provide conclusions?
A) Data Interpretation
B) Trend Analysis
C) Data Cleaning
D) Coding
- 93. Which categorizes qualitative data into themes for systematic examination?
A) Trend Analysis
B) Tabulation
C) Data Cleaning
D) Coding
- 94. Which arranges data in tables for easier comparison and analysis?
A) Coding
B) Trend Analysis
C) Tabulation
D) Data Interpretation
- 95. Which communicates research results clearly using charts, tables, or narratives?
A) Data Presentation
B) Trend Analysis
C) Coding
D) Data Cleaning
- 96. Which identifies patterns over time to understand developments and future directions?
A) Data Cleaning
B) Regression
C) Frequency Distribution
D) Trend Analysis
- 97. Which removes inconsistencies and errors from databases before analysis?
A) Data Cleaning
B) Tabulation
C) Coding
D) Trend Analysis
- 98. Which applies mathematical formulas to process data and derive results?
A) Regression Analysis
B) Correlation Coefficient
C) Statistical Treatment
D) Descriptive Statistics
- 99. Which are final analyzed results describing outcomes and relationships?
A) Findings
B) Tabulation
C) Conclusion
D) Interpretation
- 100. Which is the summarized interpretation of outcomes supported by evidence addressing the research problem?
A) Findings
B) Data Presentation
C) Conclusion
D) Interpretation
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