- 1. Which term refers to a systematic plan of procedures for collecting and interpreting criminological data?
A) Ethical Standards
B) Research Methodology
C) Criminal Typology
D) Police Operations
- 2. What research method aims to describe characteristics or events in criminal justice without manipulating variables?
A) Operational Policing
B) Experimental Approach
C) Descriptive Research
D) Predictive Modeling
- 3. Which study focuses on presenting detailed accounts of criminological phenomena through observation and documentation?
A) Descriptive Studies
B) Forensic Analysis
C) Comparative Research
D) Predictive Studies
- 4. What research examines statistical relationships between criminological variables without proving cause-and-effect?
A) Correlation Studies
B) Field Surveying
C) Action Research
D) Penal Code Interpretation
- 5. Which research approach explores individuals’ lived experiences related to crime or victimization?
A) Administrative Profiling
B) Forensic Evaluation
C) Phenomenological Studies
D) Tactical Investigation
- 6. What philosophical approach emphasizes understanding human experiences behind criminal actions and justice practices?
A) Retributive Justice
B) Rational Choice Theory
C) Phenomenology
D) Social Learning Theory
- 7. What research method involves in-depth study of one person, event, or criminal institution?
A) Legal Drafting
B) Criminal Profiling
C) Case Studies
D) Court Hearings
- 8. Which research type clarifies why criminological events occur by determining causal relationships?
A) Which research type clarifies why criminological events occur by determining causal relationships?
B) Narrative Inquiry
C) Conflict Resolution
D) Legal Review
- 9. What research design manipulates independent variables to observe effects under controlled conditions?
A) Field Audit
B) Ethnographic Study
C) Experimental Research
D) Policy Monitoring
- 10. Which design uses comparison groups without random assignment to evaluate the impact of criminology programs?
A) Historical Mapping
B) Recursive Sampling
C) Procedural Audit
D) Quasi-Experimental Design
- 11. Which research tracks criminological variables over a long period to observe behavioral changes?
A) Ethnographic Research
B) Longitudinal Studies
C) Case Study
D) Cross-Sectional Study
- 12. Which study collects data at a single point to analyze patterns within criminal populations?
A) Longitudinal Research
B) Experimental Study
C) Correlation Research
D) Cross-Sectional Studies
- 13. Which qualitative research involves immersion in criminal subcultures to understand behaviors and social interactions?
A) Ethnographic Research
B) Case Study
C) Experimental Research
D) Phenomenological Research
- 14. Which study examines past criminal events and justice practices using archival documents and statistics?
A) Cross-Sectional Research
B) Historical Research
C) Experimental Design
D) Experimental Design
- 15. Which method combines qualitative and quantitative approaches for richer understanding?
A) Mixed-Methods Research
B) Case Study
C) Longitudinal Research
D) Phenomenology
- 16. Which research aims to expand theoretical knowledge about crime without immediate practical application?
A) Applied Research
B) Evaluative Research
C) Basic Research
D) Explanatory Research
- 17. Which research is designed to solve practical criminological problems in policies and law enforcement?
A) Historical Study
B) Basic Research
C) Applied Research
D) Phenomenological Research
- 18. Which research assesses the effectiveness of programs or strategies in criminal justice agencies?
A) Descriptive Research
B) Explanatory Research
C) Evaluative Research
D) Predictive Research
- 19. Which study compares crime patterns, justice systems, or behaviors across different jurisdictions or cultures?
A) Comparative Research
B) Case Study
C) Ethnographic Study
D) Longitudinal Research
- 20. Which research attempts to forecast future criminal behaviors using statistical models?
A) Correlation Study
B) Descriptive Research
C) Predictive Research
D) Experimental Research
- 21. What guides the procedures and strategies for collecting, analyzing, and interpreting criminological data?
A) Research Instrument
B) Conceptual Framework
C) Sampling Technique
D) Research Design
- 22. Which method is used to select participants from a population for criminological research?
A) Sampling Technique
B) Regression Analysis
C) Data Cleaning
D) Trend Analysis
- 23. What refers to the complete group of individuals sharing characteristics relevant to a study?
A) Population
B) Subgroup
C) Cluster
D) Sample
- 24. What is a subgroup selected to represent the population in research?
A) Variable
B) Population
C) Sample
D) Cluster
- 25. Which selection method gives each population member equal chance of inclusion?
A) Cluster Sampling
B) Stratified Sampling
C) Convenience Sampling
D) Probability Sampling
- 26. Which sampling technique ensures every unit has equal chance of selection?
A) Stratified Sampling
B) Cluster Sampling
C) Purposive Sampling
D) Simple Random Sampling
- 27. Which method divides the population into subgroups for proportionate representation?
A) Simple Random Sampling
B) Cluster Sampling
C) Purposive Sampling
D) Stratified Sampling
- 28. Which sampling selects groups rather than individuals, useful in large-scale studies?
A) Simple Random Sampling
B) Purposive Sampling
C) Cluster Sampling
D) Stratified Sampling
- 29. Which non-probability sampling selects participants based on relevant characteristics?
A) Convenience Sampling
B) Cluster Sampling
C) Simple Random Sampling
D) Purposive Sampling
- 30. Which method chooses readily available participants when access is limited?
A) Cluster Sampling
B) Convenience Sampling
C) Purposive Sampling
D) Probability Sampling
- 31. Which tool is used to collect data like questionnaires, interviews, or tests?
A) Population
B) Data Cleaning
C) Research Instrument
D) Sampling Technique
- 32. Which is a structured set of questions measuring attitudes or behaviors?
A) Interview Schedule
B) Coding Sheet
C) Questionnaire
D) Tabulation Chart
- 33. Which is a structured outline of questions administered personally for qualitative data?
A) Questionnaire
B) Interview Schedule
C) Research Design
D) Literature Review
- 34. What measures the accuracy of an instrument in capturing intended variables?
A) Tabulation
B) Content Analysis
C) Validity
D) Reliability
- 35. What measures consistency of research results when repeated under similar conditions?
A) Reliability
B) Regression Analysis
C) Validity
D) Frequency Distribution
- 36. Which validity measures if the instrument represents the entire domain of a concept?
A) Content Validity
B) Construct Validity
C) Criterion Validity
D) Internal Validity
- 37. Which validity measures whether an instrument captures abstract theoretical ideas?
A) Content Validity
B) Criterion Validity
C) Construct Validity
D) Reliability
- 38. Which validity checks if a tool can predict performance based on established benchmarks?
A) Construct Validity
B) Content Validity
C) Internal Validity
D) Criterion Validity
- 39. Which validity refers to confidence in causal relationships within experiments?
A) Content Validity
B) Internal Validity
C) External Validity
D) Reliability
- 40. Which validity ensures results can be generalized to broader populations?
A) Internal Validity
B) Content Validity
C) External Validity
D) Criterion Validity
- 41. Which statistics summarize numerical criminological data through averages, percentages, or frequencies?
A) Inferential Statistics
B) Descriptive Statistics
C) Regression Analysis
D) Frequency Analysis
- 42. Which statistics make predictions about populations from sample findings?
A) Coding
B) Descriptive Statistics
C) Trend Analysis
D) Inferential Statistics
- 43. Which represents the arithmetic average of criminological data?
A) Standard Deviation
B) Mean
C) Frequency
D) Median
- 44. Which is the middle value in an ordered dataset?
A) Median
B) Mean
C) Frequency
D) Mode
- 45. Which value occurs most frequently in a dataset?
A) Standard Deviation
B) Mode
C) Mean
D) Median
- 46. Which measures variability of data from the mean?
A) Standard Deviation
B) Mean
C) Mode
D) Frequency Distribution
- 47. Which presents how often data values occur in categories?
A) Standard Deviation
B) Coding Sheet
C) Regression Table
D) Frequency Distribution
- 48. Which value determines the strength and direction of relationships between variables?
A) Correlation Coefficient
B) Regression Analysis
C) Standard Deviation
D) Frequency Distribution
- 49. Which method predicts relationships between variables to estimate outcomes?
A) Inferential Analysis
B) Descriptive Study
C) Correlation Study
D) Regression Analysis
- 50. Which is a preliminary trial of research instruments to identify weaknesses?
A) Data Cleaning
B) Pilot Testing
C) Data Interpretation
D) Trend Analysis
- 51. What identifies a criminological issue requiring investigation?
A) Variable
B) Research Problem
C) Hypothesis
D) Scope
- 52. What systematically recognizes gaps in criminological understanding for research?
A) Literature Review
B) Research Framework
C) Assumption
D) Problem Identification
- 53. What articulates the criminological concern specifying variables and boundaries?
A) Research Design
B) Theoretical Framework
C) Problem Definition
D) Operational Definition
- 54. What is a tentative explanation predicting relationships between variables?
A) Research Design
B) Assumption
C) Hypothesis
D) Conceptual Framework
- 55. Which statement suggests no significant relationship exists between variables?
A) Descriptive Statement
B) Predictive Statement
C) Null Hypothesis
D) Alternative Hypothesis
- 56. Which asserts there is a significant relationship between variables?
A) Alternative Hypothesis
B) Descriptive Study
C) Null Hypothesis
D) Explanatory Research
- 57. Which explains relationships among theories, variables, and concepts?
A) Research Framework
B) Literature Review
C) Conceptualization
D) Operational Definition
- 58. Which links concepts in a diagram supporting study direction?
A) Variable Analysis
B) Conceptual Framework
C) Research Problem
D) Theoretical Framework
- 59. Which section identifies theories guiding interpretation of research phenomena?
A) Conceptual Framework
B) Literature Review
C) Theoretical Framework
D) Research Design
- 60. What refers to characteristics capable of change and measurable in research?
A) Variables
B) Assumptions
C) Population
D) Hypothesis
- 61. Which factor is manipulated or considered the influencing cause in research?
A) Scope
B) Independent Variable
C) Assumption
D) Dependent Variable
- 62. Which is the outcome measured and affected by changes in the independent variable?
A) Hypothesis
B) Independent Variable
C) Dependent Variable
D) Delimitation
- 63. Which specifies how concepts will be measured or interpreted in a study?
A) Operational Definition
B) Research Problem
C) Theoretical Framework
D) Conceptual Framework
- 64. Which examines scholarly works supporting, comparing, and contextualizing research topics?
A) Data Cleaning
B) Literature Review
C) Pilot Testing
D) Regression Analysis
- 65. Which are original firsthand materials like statistics, interviews, or case records?
A) Operational Data
B) Secondary Sources
C) Primary Sources
D) Conceptual Sources
- 66. Which are interpreted data from authors analyzing primary sources?
A) Secondary Sources
B) Conceptual Frameworks
C) Research Instruments
D) Primary Sources
- 67. Which process defines ideas clearly for measurable application in research?
A) Conceptualization
B) Tabulation
C) Coding
D) Literature Review
- 68. Which specifies boundaries and limitations of research variables, participants, or settings?
A) Scope of Study
B) Assumption
C) Hypothesis
D) Delimitation
- 69. Which refers to conditions accepted as true for research to proceed logically?
A) Pilot Test
B) Assumptions
C) Hypothesis
D) Variables
- 70. Which defines the boundaries, subjects, location, and time period of a study?
A) Delimitation
B) Variables
C) Research Framework
D) Scope of the Study
- 71. Which refers to moral standards guiding responsible research conduct?
A) Research Ethics
B) Risk Assessment
C) Transparency
D) Privacy Rights
- 72. Which is voluntary agreement acknowledging understanding of research purpose, risks, and benefits?
A) Informed Consent
B) Voluntary Participation
C) Confidentiality
D) Debriefing
- 73. Which ensures private information collected from participants remains undisclosed?
A) Confidentiality
B) Integrity
C) Data Security
D) Anonymity
- 74. Which conceals participant identities so responses cannot be linked to individuals?
A) Privacy Rights
B) Voluntary Participation
C) Confidentiality
D) Anonymity
- 75. Which principle ensures research maximizes benefits while minimizing risks?
A) Justice
B) Non-Maleficence
C) Beneficence
D) Integrity
- 76. Which requires researchers to avoid causing harm or unnecessary distress?
A) Non-Maleficence
B) Transparency
C) Justice
D) Beneficence
- 77. Which ensures fairness in selection, treatment, and inclusion of participants?
A) Transparency
B) Coercion
C) Justice
D) Beneficence
- 78. Which guarantees participants join research without coercion or undue influence?
A) Informed Consent
B) Anonymity
C) Confidentiality
D) Voluntary Participation
- 79. Which protects research information from unauthorized access, use, or disclosure?
A) Data Security
B) Privacy Rights
C) Integrity
D) Transparency
- 80. Which is the unethical act of using others’ ideas or words without acknowledgment?
A) Plagiarism
B) Misrepresentation
C) Coercion
D) Debriefing
- 81. Which refers to honesty and accuracy throughout research activities?
A) Coercion
B) Integrity
C) Transparency
D) Plagiarism
- 82. Which explains study purposes, procedures, or withheld information to participants after research?
A) Informed Consent
B) Voluntary Participation
C) Confidentiality
D) Debriefing
- 83. Which is formal approval from a review board permitting research involving humans?
A) Research Ethics
B) Informed Consent
C) Ethical Clearance
D) Integrity
- 84. Which are prescribed professional guidelines ensuring responsible researcher actions?
A) Integrity
B) Code of Ethics
C) Beneficence
D) Risk Assessment
- 85. Which evaluates potential dangers participants might experience during research?
A) Plagiarism
B) Ethical Clearance
C) Data Security
D) Risk Assessment
- 86. Which participants require special ethical safeguards due to limited decision-making capacity?
A) Voluntary Participants
B) Sample Group
C) Population
D) Vulnerable Participants
- 87. Which is forcing participants to join research against their free will?
A) Coercion
B) Transparency
C) Voluntary Participation
D) Beneficence
- 88. Which is participant entitlement to control personal information shared in research?
A) Confidentiality
B) Privacy Rights
C) Data Security
D) Anonymity
- 89. Which ensures full disclosure of research intentions to foster trust and credibility?
A) Confidentiality
B) Transparency
C) Beneficence
D) Integrity
- 90. Which is deliberate distortion of research data or findings violating ethical standards?
A) Misrepresentation
B) Coercion
C) Transparency
D) Plagiarism
- 91. Which is the systematic organization and examination of collected data to find patterns?
A) Data Cleaning
B) Tabulation
C) Data Analysis
D) Trend Analysis
- 92. Which is the logical explanation of analyzed findings to provide conclusions?
A) Coding
B) Data Interpretation
C) Data Cleaning
D) Trend Analysis
- 93. Which categorizes qualitative data into themes for systematic examination?
A) Tabulation
B) Trend Analysis
C) Data Cleaning
D) Coding
- 94. Which arranges data in tables for easier comparison and analysis?
A) Data Interpretation
B) Coding
C) Trend Analysis
D) Tabulation
- 95. Which communicates research results clearly using charts, tables, or narratives?
A) Trend Analysis
B) Coding
C) Data Presentation
D) Data Cleaning
- 96. Which identifies patterns over time to understand developments and future directions?
A) Frequency Distribution
B) Regression
C) Trend Analysis
D) Data Cleaning
- 97. Which removes inconsistencies and errors from databases before analysis?
A) Coding
B) Data Cleaning
C) Tabulation
D) Trend Analysis
- 98. Which applies mathematical formulas to process data and derive results?
A) Correlation Coefficient
B) Regression Analysis
C) Descriptive Statistics
D) Statistical Treatment
- 99. Which are final analyzed results describing outcomes and relationships?
A) Findings
B) Tabulation
C) Interpretation
D) Conclusion
- 100. Which is the summarized interpretation of outcomes supported by evidence addressing the research problem?
A) Data Presentation
B) Findings
C) Interpretation
D) Conclusion
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