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CRIM- 7 CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH 1 AND 2
Contributed by: Bravo
  • 1. Which term refers to a systematic plan of procedures for collecting and interpreting criminological data?
A) Criminal Typology
B) Police Operations
C) Ethical Standards
D) Rehabilitation Program
E) Research Methodology
  • 2. What research method aims to describe characteristics or events in criminal justice without manipulating variables?
A) Tactical Profiling
B) Operational Policing
C) Descriptive Research
D) Predictive Modeling
E) Experimental Approach
  • 3. Which study focuses on presenting detailed accounts of criminological phenomena through observation and documentation?
A) Legal Commentary
B) Forensic Analysis
C) Descriptive Studies
D) Comparative Research
E) Predictive Studies
  • 4. What research examines statistical relationships between criminological variables without proving cause-and-effect?
A) Action Research
B) Field Surveying
C) Penal Code Interpretation
D) Correlation Studies
E) Predictive Controls
  • 5. Which research approach explores individuals’ lived experiences related to crime or victimization?
A) Forensic Evaluation
B) Phenomenological Studies
C) Administrative Profiling
D) Civil Litigation
E) Tactical Investigation
  • 6. What philosophical approach emphasizes understanding human experiences behind criminal actions and justice practices?
A) Social Learning Theory
B) Conflict Model
C) Retributive Justice
D) Rational Choice Theory
E) Phenomenology
  • 7. What research method involves in-depth study of one person, event, or criminal institution?
A) Criminal Profiling
B) Patrol Mapping
C) Legal Drafting
D) Court Hearings
E) Case Studies
  • 8. Which research type clarifies why criminological events occur by determining causal relationships?
A) Narrative Inquiry
B) Which research type clarifies why criminological events occur by determining causal relationships?
C) Legal Review
D) Conflict Resolution
E) Tactical Reporting
  • 9. What research design manipulates independent variables to observe effects under controlled conditions?
A) Ethnographic Study
B) Experimental Research
C) Community Survey
D) Field Audit
E) Policy Monitoring
  • 10. Which design uses comparison groups without random assignment to evaluate the impact of criminology programs?
A) Quasi-Experimental Design
B) Procedural Audit
C) Judicial Sampling
D) Recursive Sampling
E) Historical Mapping
  • 11. Which research tracks criminological variables over a long period to observe behavioral changes?
A) Cross-Sectional Study
B) Case Study
C) Longitudinal Studies
D) Ethnographic Research
E) Predictive Research
  • 12. Which study collects data at a single point to analyze patterns within criminal populations?
A) Correlation Research
B) Comparative Study
C) Experimental Study
D) Longitudinal Research
E) Cross-Sectional Studies
  • 13. Which qualitative research involves immersion in criminal subcultures to understand behaviors and social interactions?
A) Descriptive Research
B) Experimental Research
C) Case Study
D) Ethnographic Research
E) Phenomenological Research
  • 14. Which study examines past criminal events and justice practices using archival documents and statistics?
A) Experimental Design
B) Cross-Sectional Research
C) Experimental Design
D) Historical Research
E) Mixed-Methods Research
  • 15. Which method combines qualitative and quantitative approaches for richer understanding?
A) Phenomenology
B) Case Study
C) Correlation Research
D) Mixed-Methods Research
E) Longitudinal Research
  • 16. Which research aims to expand theoretical knowledge about crime without immediate practical application?
A) Predictive Research
B) Explanatory Research
C) Evaluative Research
D) Basic Research
E) Applied Research
  • 17. Which research is designed to solve practical criminological problems in policies and law enforcement?
A) Phenomenological Research
B) Comparative Research
C) Basic Research
D) Applied Research
E) Historical Study
  • 18. Which research assesses the effectiveness of programs or strategies in criminal justice agencies?
A) Descriptive Research
B) Explanatory Research
C) Cross-Sectional Study
D) Evaluative Research
E) Predictive Research
  • 19. Which study compares crime patterns, justice systems, or behaviors across different jurisdictions or cultures?
A) Ethnographic Study
B) Comparative Research
C) Case Study
D) Longitudinal Research
E) Applied Research
  • 20. Which research attempts to forecast future criminal behaviors using statistical models?
A) Predictive Research
B) Correlation Study
C) Quasi-Experimental Study
D) Experimental Research
E) Descriptive Research
  • 21. What guides the procedures and strategies for collecting, analyzing, and interpreting criminological data?
A) Research Design
B) Conceptual Framework
C) Theoretical Framework
D) Research Instrument
E) Sampling Technique
  • 22. Which method is used to select participants from a population for criminological research?
A) Trend Analysis
B) Sampling Technique
C) Data Cleaning
D) Pilot Testing
E) Regression Analysis
  • 23. What refers to the complete group of individuals sharing characteristics relevant to a study?
A) Subgroup
B) Population
C) Sample
D) Cluster
E) Unit
  • 24. What is a subgroup selected to represent the population in research?
A) Variable
B) Cluster
C) Sample
D) Population
E) Participant
  • 25. Which selection method gives each population member equal chance of inclusion?
A) Probability Sampling
B) Cluster Sampling
C) Purposive Sampling
D) Stratified Sampling
E) Convenience Sampling
  • 26. Which sampling technique ensures every unit has equal chance of selection?
A) Cluster Sampling
B) Stratified Sampling
C) Purposive Sampling
D) Convenience Sampling
E) Simple Random Sampling
  • 27. Which method divides the population into subgroups for proportionate representation?
A) Convenience Sampling
B) Stratified Sampling
C) Simple Random Sampling
D) Purposive Sampling
E) Cluster Sampling
  • 28. Which sampling selects groups rather than individuals, useful in large-scale studies?
A) Simple Random Sampling
B) Purposive Sampling
C) Convenience Sampling
D) Cluster Sampling
E) Stratified Sampling
  • 29. Which non-probability sampling selects participants based on relevant characteristics?
A) Convenience Sampling
B) Stratified Sampling
C) Simple Random Sampling
D) Purposive Sampling
E) Cluster Sampling
  • 30. Which method chooses readily available participants when access is limited?
A) Simple Random Sampling
B) Probability Sampling
C) Cluster Sampling
D) Convenience Sampling
E) Purposive Sampling
  • 31. Which tool is used to collect data like questionnaires, interviews, or tests?
A) Population
B) Data Cleaning
C) Research Instrument
D) Trend Analysis
E) Sampling Technique
  • 32. Which is a structured set of questions measuring attitudes or behaviors?
A) Coding Sheet
B) Questionnaire
C) Interview Schedule
D) Regression Table
E) Tabulation Chart
  • 33. Which is a structured outline of questions administered personally for qualitative data?
A) Questionnaire
B) Interview Schedule
C) Literature Review
D) Research Design
E) Sampling Form
  • 34. What measures the accuracy of an instrument in capturing intended variables?
A) Tabulation
B) Coding
C) Content Analysis
D) Reliability
E) Validity
  • 35. What measures consistency of research results when repeated under similar conditions?
A) Frequency Distribution
B) Reliability
C) Validity
D) Regression Analysis
E) Pilot Testing
  • 36. Which validity measures if the instrument represents the entire domain of a concept?
A) Internal Validity
B) Content Validity
C) Criterion Validity
D) External Validity
E) Construct Validity
  • 37. Which validity measures whether an instrument captures abstract theoretical ideas?
A) Reliability
B) Content Validity
C) Criterion Validity
D) Trend Analysis
E) Construct Validity
  • 38. Which validity checks if a tool can predict performance based on established benchmarks?
A) Content Validity
B) Internal Validity
C) External Validity
D) Construct Validity
E) Criterion Validity
  • 39. Which validity refers to confidence in causal relationships within experiments?
A) External Validity
B) Construct Validity
C) Reliability
D) Internal Validity
E) Content Validity
  • 40. Which validity ensures results can be generalized to broader populations?
A) Construct Validity
B) Content Validity
C) External Validity
D) Internal Validity
E) Criterion Validity
  • 41. Which statistics summarize numerical criminological data through averages, percentages, or frequencies?
A) Regression Analysis
B) Trend Analysis
C) Descriptive Statistics
D) Frequency Analysis
E) Inferential Statistics
  • 42. Which statistics make predictions about populations from sample findings?
A) Coding
B) Inferential Statistics
C) Trend Analysis
D) Tabulation
E) Descriptive Statistics
  • 43. Which represents the arithmetic average of criminological data?
A) Frequency
B) Median
C) Mode
D) Standard Deviation
E) Mean
  • 44. Which is the middle value in an ordered dataset?
A) Median
B) Regression
C) Frequency
D) Mean
E) Mode
  • 45. Which value occurs most frequently in a dataset?
A) Standard Deviation
B) Mean
C) Correlation
D) Median
E) Mode
  • 46. Which measures variability of data from the mean?
A) Standard Deviation
B) Mean
C) Frequency Distribution
D) Mode
E) Regression Coefficient
  • 47. Which presents how often data values occur in categories?
A) Standard Deviation
B) Trend Analysis
C) Frequency Distribution
D) Coding Sheet
E) Regression Table
  • 48. Which value determines the strength and direction of relationships between variables?
A) Mean
B) Frequency Distribution
C) Correlation Coefficient
D) Regression Analysis
E) Standard Deviation
  • 49. Which method predicts relationships between variables to estimate outcomes?
A) Descriptive Study
B) Inferential Analysis
C) Correlation Study
D) Regression Analysis
E) Frequency Table
  • 50. Which is a preliminary trial of research instruments to identify weaknesses?
A) Data Cleaning
B) Coding
C) Data Interpretation
D) Trend Analysis
E) Pilot Testing
  • 51. What identifies a criminological issue requiring investigation?
A) Operational Definition
B) Scope
C) Variable
D) Hypothesis
E) Research Problem
  • 52. What systematically recognizes gaps in criminological understanding for research?
A) Literature Review
B) Problem Identification
C) Assumption
D) Research Framework
E) Variables
  • 53. What articulates the criminological concern specifying variables and boundaries?
A) Operational Definition
B) Problem Definition
C) Scope
D) Theoretical Framework
E) Research Design
  • 54. What is a tentative explanation predicting relationships between variables?
A) Assumption
B) Literature Review
C) Hypothesis
D) Research Design
E) Conceptual Framework
  • 55. Which statement suggests no significant relationship exists between variables?
A) Descriptive Statement
B) Correlation Statement
C) Alternative Hypothesis
D) Predictive Statement
E) Null Hypothesis
  • 56. Which asserts there is a significant relationship between variables?
A) Alternative Hypothesis
B) Null Hypothesis
C) Predictive Research
D) Explanatory Research
E) Descriptive Study
  • 57. Which explains relationships among theories, variables, and concepts?
A) Conceptualization
B) Operational Definition
C) Research Framework
D) Literature Review
E) Delimitation
  • 58. Which links concepts in a diagram supporting study direction?
A) Conceptual Framework
B) Research Problem
C) Theoretical Framework
D) Variable Analysis
E) Sampling Design
  • 59. Which section identifies theories guiding interpretation of research phenomena?
A) Conceptual Framework
B) Research Design
C) Theoretical Framework
D) Data Interpretation
E) Literature Review
  • 60. What refers to characteristics capable of change and measurable in research?
A) Sample
B) Population
C) Assumptions
D) Hypothesis
E) Variables
  • 61. Which factor is manipulated or considered the influencing cause in research?
A) Sample
B) Scope
C) Independent Variable
D) Assumption
E) Dependent Variable
  • 62. Which is the outcome measured and affected by changes in the independent variable?
A) Independent Variable
B) Delimitation
C) Dependent Variable
D) Hypothesis
E) Literature Review
  • 63. Which specifies how concepts will be measured or interpreted in a study?
A) Conceptual Framework
B) Theoretical Framework
C) Scope
D) Operational Definition
E) Research Problem
  • 64. Which examines scholarly works supporting, comparing, and contextualizing research topics?
A) Pilot Testing
B) Frequency Table
C) Data Cleaning
D) Regression Analysis
E) Literature Review
  • 65. Which are original firsthand materials like statistics, interviews, or case records?
A) Literature
B) Conceptual Sources
C) Secondary Sources
D) Primary Sources
E) Operational Data
  • 66. Which are interpreted data from authors analyzing primary sources?
A) Primary Sources
B) Research Instruments
C) Conceptual Frameworks
D) Secondary Sources
E) Variables
  • 67. Which process defines ideas clearly for measurable application in research?
A) Coding
B) Conceptualization
C) Data Cleaning
D) Literature Review
E) Tabulation
  • 68. Which specifies boundaries and limitations of research variables, participants, or settings?
A) Hypothesis
B) Sampling
C) Assumption
D) Delimitation
E) Scope of Study
  • 69. Which refers to conditions accepted as true for research to proceed logically?
A) Pilot Test
B) Assumptions
C) Literature
D) Hypothesis
E) Variables
  • 70. Which defines the boundaries, subjects, location, and time period of a study?
A) Research Framework
B) Delimitation
C) Scope of the Study
D) Conceptualization
E) Variables
  • 71. Which refers to moral standards guiding responsible research conduct?
A) Integrity
B) Transparency
C) Risk Assessment
D) Privacy Rights
E) Research Ethics
  • 72. Which is voluntary agreement acknowledging understanding of research purpose, risks, and benefits?
A) Debriefing
B) Confidentiality
C) Informed Consent
D) Voluntary Participation
E) Coercion
  • 73. Which ensures private information collected from participants remains undisclosed?
A) Integrity
B) Anonymity
C) Transparency
D) Data Security
E) Confidentiality
  • 74. Which conceals participant identities so responses cannot be linked to individuals?
A) Anonymity
B) Voluntary Participation
C) Transparency
D) Confidentiality
E) Privacy Rights
  • 75. Which principle ensures research maximizes benefits while minimizing risks?
A) Transparency
B) Justice
C) Non-Maleficence
D) Beneficence
E) Integrity
  • 76. Which requires researchers to avoid causing harm or unnecessary distress?
A) Beneficence
B) Justice
C) Integrity
D) Non-Maleficence
E) Transparency
  • 77. Which ensures fairness in selection, treatment, and inclusion of participants?
A) Coercion
B) Integrity
C) Justice
D) Beneficence
E) Transparency
  • 78. Which guarantees participants join research without coercion or undue influence?
A) Voluntary Participation
B) Informed Consent
C) Justice
D) Anonymity
E) Confidentiality
  • 79. Which protects research information from unauthorized access, use, or disclosure?
A) Data Security
B) Transparency
C) Integrity
D) Privacy Rights
E) Confidentiality
  • 80. Which is the unethical act of using others’ ideas or words without acknowledgment?
A) Coercion
B) Debriefing
C) Integrity
D) Plagiarism
E) Misrepresentation
  • 81. Which refers to honesty and accuracy throughout research activities?
A) Integrity
B) Transparency
C) Ethical Clearance
D) Coercion
E) Plagiarism
  • 82. Which explains study purposes, procedures, or withheld information to participants after research?
A) Confidentiality
B) Debriefing
C) Beneficence
D) Voluntary Participation
E) Informed Consent
  • 83. Which is formal approval from a review board permitting research involving humans?
A) Research Ethics
B) Integrity
C) Transparency
D) Informed Consent
E) Ethical Clearance
  • 84. Which are prescribed professional guidelines ensuring responsible researcher actions?
A) Voluntary Participation
B) Risk Assessment
C) Integrity
D) Code of Ethics
E) Beneficence
  • 85. Which evaluates potential dangers participants might experience during research?
A) Ethical Clearance
B) Plagiarism
C) Coercion
D) Risk Assessment
E) Data Security
  • 86. Which participants require special ethical safeguards due to limited decision-making capacity?
A) Voluntary Participants
B) Subgroup
C) Population
D) Sample Group
E) Vulnerable Participants
  • 87. Which is forcing participants to join research against their free will?
A) Integrity
B) Beneficence
C) Coercion
D) Transparency
E) Voluntary Participation
  • 88. Which is participant entitlement to control personal information shared in research?
A) Confidentiality
B) Voluntary Participation
C) Anonymity
D) Privacy Rights
E) Data Security
  • 89. Which ensures full disclosure of research intentions to foster trust and credibility?
A) Ethical Clearance
B) Transparency
C) Beneficence
D) Integrity
E) Confidentiality
  • 90. Which is deliberate distortion of research data or findings violating ethical standards?
A) Coercion
B) Misrepresentation
C) Debriefing
D) Plagiarism
E) Transparency
  • 91. Which is the systematic organization and examination of collected data to find patterns?
A) Data Analysis
B) Coding
C) Trend Analysis
D) Data Cleaning
E) Tabulation
  • 92. Which is the logical explanation of analyzed findings to provide conclusions?
A) Data Cleaning
B) Data Interpretation
C) Trend Analysis
D) Statistical Treatment
E) Coding
  • 93. Which categorizes qualitative data into themes for systematic examination?
A) Data Cleaning
B) Tabulation
C) Coding
D) Trend Analysis
E) Interpretation
  • 94. Which arranges data in tables for easier comparison and analysis?
A) Trend Analysis
B) Tabulation
C) Data Interpretation
D) Coding
E) Statistical Treatment
  • 95. Which communicates research results clearly using charts, tables, or narratives?
A) Data Cleaning
B) Tabulation
C) Trend Analysis
D) Data Presentation
E) Coding
  • 96. Which identifies patterns over time to understand developments and future directions?
A) Trend Analysis
B) Statistical Treatment
C) Frequency Distribution
D) Regression
E) Data Cleaning
  • 97. Which removes inconsistencies and errors from databases before analysis?
A) Tabulation
B) Interpretation
C) Data Cleaning
D) Trend Analysis
E) Coding
  • 98. Which applies mathematical formulas to process data and derive results?
A) Statistical Treatment
B) Inferential Statistics
C) Descriptive Statistics
D) Correlation Coefficient
E) Regression Analysis
  • 99. Which are final analyzed results describing outcomes and relationships?
A) Interpretation
B) Coding
C) Findings
D) Tabulation
E) Conclusion
  • 100. Which is the summarized interpretation of outcomes supported by evidence addressing the research problem?
A) Data Presentation
B) Interpretation
C) Conclusion
D) Trend Analysis
E) Findings
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