- 1. Which term refers to a systematic plan of procedures for collecting and interpreting criminological data?
A) Ethical Standards
B) Research Methodology
C) Criminal Typology
D) Police Operations
- 2. What research method aims to describe characteristics or events in criminal justice without manipulating variables?
A) Operational Policing
B) Descriptive Research
C) Predictive Modeling
D) Experimental Approach
- 3. Which study focuses on presenting detailed accounts of criminological phenomena through observation and documentation?
A) Forensic Analysis
B) Comparative Research
C) Descriptive Studies
D) Predictive Studies
- 4. What research examines statistical relationships between criminological variables without proving cause-and-effect?
A) Field Surveying
B) Correlation Studies
C) Action Research
D) Penal Code Interpretation
- 5. Which research approach explores individuals’ lived experiences related to crime or victimization?
A) Phenomenological Studies
B) Tactical Investigation
C) Forensic Evaluation
D) Administrative Profiling
- 6. What philosophical approach emphasizes understanding human experiences behind criminal actions and justice practices?
A) Retributive Justice
B) Phenomenology
C) Rational Choice Theory
D) Social Learning Theory
- 7. What research method involves in-depth study of one person, event, or criminal institution?
A) Criminal Profiling
B) Legal Drafting
C) Court Hearings
D) Case Studies
- 8. Which research type clarifies why criminological events occur by determining causal relationships?
A) Which research type clarifies why criminological events occur by determining causal relationships?
B) Conflict Resolution
C) Narrative Inquiry
D) Legal Review
- 9. What research design manipulates independent variables to observe effects under controlled conditions?
A) Ethnographic Study
B) Experimental Research
C) Policy Monitoring
D) Field Audit
- 10. Which design uses comparison groups without random assignment to evaluate the impact of criminology programs?
A) Recursive Sampling
B) Historical Mapping
C) Procedural Audit
D) Quasi-Experimental Design
- 11. Which research tracks criminological variables over a long period to observe behavioral changes?
A) Ethnographic Research
B) Longitudinal Studies
C) Case Study
D) Cross-Sectional Study
- 12. Which study collects data at a single point to analyze patterns within criminal populations?
A) Correlation Research
B) Cross-Sectional Studies
C) Longitudinal Research
D) Experimental Study
- 13. Which qualitative research involves immersion in criminal subcultures to understand behaviors and social interactions?
A) Ethnographic Research
B) Phenomenological Research
C) Case Study
D) Experimental Research
- 14. Which study examines past criminal events and justice practices using archival documents and statistics?
A) Experimental Design
B) Historical Research
C) Experimental Design
D) Cross-Sectional Research
- 15. Which method combines qualitative and quantitative approaches for richer understanding?
A) Case Study
B) Longitudinal Research
C) Mixed-Methods Research
D) Phenomenology
- 16. Which research aims to expand theoretical knowledge about crime without immediate practical application?
A) Basic Research
B) Explanatory Research
C) Evaluative Research
D) Applied Research
- 17. Which research is designed to solve practical criminological problems in policies and law enforcement?
A) Historical Study
B) Applied Research
C) Phenomenological Research
D) Basic Research
- 18. Which research assesses the effectiveness of programs or strategies in criminal justice agencies?
A) Explanatory Research
B) Descriptive Research
C) Predictive Research
D) Evaluative Research
- 19. Which study compares crime patterns, justice systems, or behaviors across different jurisdictions or cultures?
A) Case Study
B) Longitudinal Research
C) Ethnographic Study
D) Comparative Research
- 20. Which research attempts to forecast future criminal behaviors using statistical models?
A) Experimental Research
B) Predictive Research
C) Descriptive Research
D) Correlation Study
- 21. What guides the procedures and strategies for collecting, analyzing, and interpreting criminological data?
A) Research Design
B) Sampling Technique
C) Conceptual Framework
D) Research Instrument
- 22. Which method is used to select participants from a population for criminological research?
A) Sampling Technique
B) Trend Analysis
C) Data Cleaning
D) Regression Analysis
- 23. What refers to the complete group of individuals sharing characteristics relevant to a study?
A) Sample
B) Cluster
C) Subgroup
D) Population
- 24. What is a subgroup selected to represent the population in research?
A) Population
B) Variable
C) Cluster
D) Sample
- 25. Which selection method gives each population member equal chance of inclusion?
A) Probability Sampling
B) Stratified Sampling
C) Convenience Sampling
D) Cluster Sampling
- 26. Which sampling technique ensures every unit has equal chance of selection?
A) Simple Random Sampling
B) Purposive Sampling
C) Stratified Sampling
D) Cluster Sampling
- 27. Which method divides the population into subgroups for proportionate representation?
A) Purposive Sampling
B) Stratified Sampling
C) Simple Random Sampling
D) Cluster Sampling
- 28. Which sampling selects groups rather than individuals, useful in large-scale studies?
A) Simple Random Sampling
B) Cluster Sampling
C) Purposive Sampling
D) Stratified Sampling
- 29. Which non-probability sampling selects participants based on relevant characteristics?
A) Convenience Sampling
B) Cluster Sampling
C) Simple Random Sampling
D) Purposive Sampling
- 30. Which method chooses readily available participants when access is limited?
A) Cluster Sampling
B) Purposive Sampling
C) Convenience Sampling
D) Probability Sampling
- 31. Which tool is used to collect data like questionnaires, interviews, or tests?
A) Population
B) Research Instrument
C) Data Cleaning
D) Sampling Technique
- 32. Which is a structured set of questions measuring attitudes or behaviors?
A) Coding Sheet
B) Interview Schedule
C) Questionnaire
D) Tabulation Chart
- 33. Which is a structured outline of questions administered personally for qualitative data?
A) Interview Schedule
B) Literature Review
C) Questionnaire
D) Research Design
- 34. What measures the accuracy of an instrument in capturing intended variables?
A) Reliability
B) Tabulation
C) Content Analysis
D) Validity
- 35. What measures consistency of research results when repeated under similar conditions?
A) Reliability
B) Frequency Distribution
C) Validity
D) Regression Analysis
- 36. Which validity measures if the instrument represents the entire domain of a concept?
A) Internal Validity
B) Criterion Validity
C) Content Validity
D) Construct Validity
- 37. Which validity measures whether an instrument captures abstract theoretical ideas?
A) Content Validity
B) Reliability
C) Criterion Validity
D) Construct Validity
- 38. Which validity checks if a tool can predict performance based on established benchmarks?
A) Criterion Validity
B) Construct Validity
C) Internal Validity
D) Content Validity
- 39. Which validity refers to confidence in causal relationships within experiments?
A) External Validity
B) Internal Validity
C) Content Validity
D) Reliability
- 40. Which validity ensures results can be generalized to broader populations?
A) Criterion Validity
B) External Validity
C) Internal Validity
D) Content Validity
- 41. Which statistics summarize numerical criminological data through averages, percentages, or frequencies?
A) Frequency Analysis
B) Inferential Statistics
C) Descriptive Statistics
D) Regression Analysis
- 42. Which statistics make predictions about populations from sample findings?
A) Trend Analysis
B) Descriptive Statistics
C) Coding
D) Inferential Statistics
- 43. Which represents the arithmetic average of criminological data?
A) Frequency
B) Median
C) Standard Deviation
D) Mean
- 44. Which is the middle value in an ordered dataset?
A) Mean
B) Frequency
C) Median
D) Mode
- 45. Which value occurs most frequently in a dataset?
A) Standard Deviation
B) Median
C) Mode
D) Mean
- 46. Which measures variability of data from the mean?
A) Frequency Distribution
B) Standard Deviation
C) Mean
D) Mode
- 47. Which presents how often data values occur in categories?
A) Standard Deviation
B) Coding Sheet
C) Regression Table
D) Frequency Distribution
- 48. Which value determines the strength and direction of relationships between variables?
A) Regression Analysis
B) Correlation Coefficient
C) Frequency Distribution
D) Standard Deviation
- 49. Which method predicts relationships between variables to estimate outcomes?
A) Inferential Analysis
B) Descriptive Study
C) Regression Analysis
D) Correlation Study
- 50. Which is a preliminary trial of research instruments to identify weaknesses?
A) Data Interpretation
B) Pilot Testing
C) Trend Analysis
D) Data Cleaning
- 51. What identifies a criminological issue requiring investigation?
A) Hypothesis
B) Variable
C) Research Problem
D) Scope
- 52. What systematically recognizes gaps in criminological understanding for research?
A) Assumption
B) Problem Identification
C) Research Framework
D) Literature Review
- 53. What articulates the criminological concern specifying variables and boundaries?
A) Research Design
B) Problem Definition
C) Operational Definition
D) Theoretical Framework
- 54. What is a tentative explanation predicting relationships between variables?
A) Research Design
B) Conceptual Framework
C) Hypothesis
D) Assumption
- 55. Which statement suggests no significant relationship exists between variables?
A) Predictive Statement
B) Alternative Hypothesis
C) Null Hypothesis
D) Descriptive Statement
- 56. Which asserts there is a significant relationship between variables?
A) Null Hypothesis
B) Alternative Hypothesis
C) Descriptive Study
D) Explanatory Research
- 57. Which explains relationships among theories, variables, and concepts?
A) Operational Definition
B) Conceptualization
C) Literature Review
D) Research Framework
- 58. Which links concepts in a diagram supporting study direction?
A) Conceptual Framework
B) Variable Analysis
C) Research Problem
D) Theoretical Framework
- 59. Which section identifies theories guiding interpretation of research phenomena?
A) Conceptual Framework
B) Theoretical Framework
C) Research Design
D) Literature Review
- 60. What refers to characteristics capable of change and measurable in research?
A) Assumptions
B) Population
C) Hypothesis
D) Variables
- 61. Which factor is manipulated or considered the influencing cause in research?
A) Assumption
B) Dependent Variable
C) Independent Variable
D) Scope
- 62. Which is the outcome measured and affected by changes in the independent variable?
A) Hypothesis
B) Independent Variable
C) Delimitation
D) Dependent Variable
- 63. Which specifies how concepts will be measured or interpreted in a study?
A) Research Problem
B) Operational Definition
C) Conceptual Framework
D) Theoretical Framework
- 64. Which examines scholarly works supporting, comparing, and contextualizing research topics?
A) Literature Review
B) Data Cleaning
C) Regression Analysis
D) Pilot Testing
- 65. Which are original firsthand materials like statistics, interviews, or case records?
A) Primary Sources
B) Operational Data
C) Conceptual Sources
D) Secondary Sources
- 66. Which are interpreted data from authors analyzing primary sources?
A) Research Instruments
B) Conceptual Frameworks
C) Secondary Sources
D) Primary Sources
- 67. Which process defines ideas clearly for measurable application in research?
A) Literature Review
B) Conceptualization
C) Tabulation
D) Coding
- 68. Which specifies boundaries and limitations of research variables, participants, or settings?
A) Hypothesis
B) Assumption
C) Delimitation
D) Scope of Study
- 69. Which refers to conditions accepted as true for research to proceed logically?
A) Pilot Test
B) Assumptions
C) Variables
D) Hypothesis
- 70. Which defines the boundaries, subjects, location, and time period of a study?
A) Variables
B) Research Framework
C) Delimitation
D) Scope of the Study
- 71. Which refers to moral standards guiding responsible research conduct?
A) Transparency
B) Research Ethics
C) Privacy Rights
D) Risk Assessment
- 72. Which is voluntary agreement acknowledging understanding of research purpose, risks, and benefits?
A) Debriefing
B) Informed Consent
C) Voluntary Participation
D) Confidentiality
- 73. Which ensures private information collected from participants remains undisclosed?
A) Anonymity
B) Confidentiality
C) Data Security
D) Integrity
- 74. Which conceals participant identities so responses cannot be linked to individuals?
A) Voluntary Participation
B) Privacy Rights
C) Confidentiality
D) Anonymity
- 75. Which principle ensures research maximizes benefits while minimizing risks?
A) Justice
B) Non-Maleficence
C) Integrity
D) Beneficence
- 76. Which requires researchers to avoid causing harm or unnecessary distress?
A) Transparency
B) Justice
C) Beneficence
D) Non-Maleficence
- 77. Which ensures fairness in selection, treatment, and inclusion of participants?
A) Beneficence
B) Coercion
C) Justice
D) Transparency
- 78. Which guarantees participants join research without coercion or undue influence?
A) Voluntary Participation
B) Confidentiality
C) Informed Consent
D) Anonymity
- 79. Which protects research information from unauthorized access, use, or disclosure?
A) Privacy Rights
B) Transparency
C) Data Security
D) Integrity
- 80. Which is the unethical act of using others’ ideas or words without acknowledgment?
A) Coercion
B) Debriefing
C) Plagiarism
D) Misrepresentation
- 81. Which refers to honesty and accuracy throughout research activities?
A) Integrity
B) Coercion
C) Plagiarism
D) Transparency
- 82. Which explains study purposes, procedures, or withheld information to participants after research?
A) Debriefing
B) Confidentiality
C) Voluntary Participation
D) Informed Consent
- 83. Which is formal approval from a review board permitting research involving humans?
A) Informed Consent
B) Integrity
C) Research Ethics
D) Ethical Clearance
- 84. Which are prescribed professional guidelines ensuring responsible researcher actions?
A) Code of Ethics
B) Integrity
C) Beneficence
D) Risk Assessment
- 85. Which evaluates potential dangers participants might experience during research?
A) Plagiarism
B) Data Security
C) Ethical Clearance
D) Risk Assessment
- 86. Which participants require special ethical safeguards due to limited decision-making capacity?
A) Voluntary Participants
B) Sample Group
C) Vulnerable Participants
D) Population
- 87. Which is forcing participants to join research against their free will?
A) Transparency
B) Coercion
C) Beneficence
D) Voluntary Participation
- 88. Which is participant entitlement to control personal information shared in research?
A) Confidentiality
B) Privacy Rights
C) Data Security
D) Anonymity
- 89. Which ensures full disclosure of research intentions to foster trust and credibility?
A) Transparency
B) Beneficence
C) Integrity
D) Confidentiality
- 90. Which is deliberate distortion of research data or findings violating ethical standards?
A) Transparency
B) Coercion
C) Misrepresentation
D) Plagiarism
- 91. Which is the systematic organization and examination of collected data to find patterns?
A) Trend Analysis
B) Data Cleaning
C) Data Analysis
D) Tabulation
- 92. Which is the logical explanation of analyzed findings to provide conclusions?
A) Data Interpretation
B) Trend Analysis
C) Data Cleaning
D) Coding
- 93. Which categorizes qualitative data into themes for systematic examination?
A) Trend Analysis
B) Coding
C) Data Cleaning
D) Tabulation
- 94. Which arranges data in tables for easier comparison and analysis?
A) Data Interpretation
B) Trend Analysis
C) Tabulation
D) Coding
- 95. Which communicates research results clearly using charts, tables, or narratives?
A) Trend Analysis
B) Data Presentation
C) Data Cleaning
D) Coding
- 96. Which identifies patterns over time to understand developments and future directions?
A) Frequency Distribution
B) Data Cleaning
C) Regression
D) Trend Analysis
- 97. Which removes inconsistencies and errors from databases before analysis?
A) Coding
B) Tabulation
C) Trend Analysis
D) Data Cleaning
- 98. Which applies mathematical formulas to process data and derive results?
A) Correlation Coefficient
B) Regression Analysis
C) Statistical Treatment
D) Descriptive Statistics
- 99. Which are final analyzed results describing outcomes and relationships?
A) Interpretation
B) Findings
C) Conclusion
D) Tabulation
- 100. Which is the summarized interpretation of outcomes supported by evidence addressing the research problem?
A) Conclusion
B) Findings
C) Interpretation
D) Data Presentation
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