- 1. Which term refers to a systematic plan of procedures for collecting and interpreting criminological data?
A) Police Operations
B) Criminal Typology
C) Ethical Standards
D) Research Methodology
- 2. What research method aims to describe characteristics or events in criminal justice without manipulating variables?
A) Experimental Approach
B) Operational Policing
C) Predictive Modeling
D) Descriptive Research
- 3. Which study focuses on presenting detailed accounts of criminological phenomena through observation and documentation?
A) Descriptive Studies
B) Forensic Analysis
C) Predictive Studies
D) Comparative Research
- 4. What research examines statistical relationships between criminological variables without proving cause-and-effect?
A) Action Research
B) Penal Code Interpretation
C) Correlation Studies
D) Field Surveying
- 5. Which research approach explores individuals’ lived experiences related to crime or victimization?
A) Phenomenological Studies
B) Forensic Evaluation
C) Administrative Profiling
D) Tactical Investigation
- 6. What philosophical approach emphasizes understanding human experiences behind criminal actions and justice practices?
A) Social Learning Theory
B) Retributive Justice
C) Phenomenology
D) Rational Choice Theory
- 7. What research method involves in-depth study of one person, event, or criminal institution?
A) Criminal Profiling
B) Court Hearings
C) Legal Drafting
D) Case Studies
- 8. Which research type clarifies why criminological events occur by determining causal relationships?
A) Which research type clarifies why criminological events occur by determining causal relationships?
B) Legal Review
C) Conflict Resolution
D) Narrative Inquiry
- 9. What research design manipulates independent variables to observe effects under controlled conditions?
A) Ethnographic Study
B) Field Audit
C) Experimental Research
D) Policy Monitoring
- 10. Which design uses comparison groups without random assignment to evaluate the impact of criminology programs?
A) Procedural Audit
B) Quasi-Experimental Design
C) Recursive Sampling
D) Historical Mapping
- 11. Which research tracks criminological variables over a long period to observe behavioral changes?
A) Cross-Sectional Study
B) Ethnographic Research
C) Longitudinal Studies
D) Case Study
- 12. Which study collects data at a single point to analyze patterns within criminal populations?
A) Experimental Study
B) Longitudinal Research
C) Correlation Research
D) Cross-Sectional Studies
- 13. Which qualitative research involves immersion in criminal subcultures to understand behaviors and social interactions?
A) Case Study
B) Ethnographic Research
C) Experimental Research
D) Phenomenological Research
- 14. Which study examines past criminal events and justice practices using archival documents and statistics?
A) Experimental Design
B) Historical Research
C) Experimental Design
D) Cross-Sectional Research
- 15. Which method combines qualitative and quantitative approaches for richer understanding?
A) Case Study
B) Phenomenology
C) Longitudinal Research
D) Mixed-Methods Research
- 16. Which research aims to expand theoretical knowledge about crime without immediate practical application?
A) Evaluative Research
B) Explanatory Research
C) Applied Research
D) Basic Research
- 17. Which research is designed to solve practical criminological problems in policies and law enforcement?
A) Basic Research
B) Applied Research
C) Phenomenological Research
D) Historical Study
- 18. Which research assesses the effectiveness of programs or strategies in criminal justice agencies?
A) Descriptive Research
B) Evaluative Research
C) Predictive Research
D) Explanatory Research
- 19. Which study compares crime patterns, justice systems, or behaviors across different jurisdictions or cultures?
A) Case Study
B) Longitudinal Research
C) Comparative Research
D) Ethnographic Study
- 20. Which research attempts to forecast future criminal behaviors using statistical models?
A) Descriptive Research
B) Predictive Research
C) Experimental Research
D) Correlation Study
- 21. What guides the procedures and strategies for collecting, analyzing, and interpreting criminological data?
A) Conceptual Framework
B) Research Design
C) Sampling Technique
D) Research Instrument
- 22. Which method is used to select participants from a population for criminological research?
A) Regression Analysis
B) Sampling Technique
C) Trend Analysis
D) Data Cleaning
- 23. What refers to the complete group of individuals sharing characteristics relevant to a study?
A) Sample
B) Cluster
C) Population
D) Subgroup
- 24. What is a subgroup selected to represent the population in research?
A) Cluster
B) Population
C) Sample
D) Variable
- 25. Which selection method gives each population member equal chance of inclusion?
A) Stratified Sampling
B) Probability Sampling
C) Cluster Sampling
D) Convenience Sampling
- 26. Which sampling technique ensures every unit has equal chance of selection?
A) Stratified Sampling
B) Purposive Sampling
C) Simple Random Sampling
D) Cluster Sampling
- 27. Which method divides the population into subgroups for proportionate representation?
A) Cluster Sampling
B) Simple Random Sampling
C) Purposive Sampling
D) Stratified Sampling
- 28. Which sampling selects groups rather than individuals, useful in large-scale studies?
A) Simple Random Sampling
B) Purposive Sampling
C) Stratified Sampling
D) Cluster Sampling
- 29. Which non-probability sampling selects participants based on relevant characteristics?
A) Cluster Sampling
B) Convenience Sampling
C) Purposive Sampling
D) Simple Random Sampling
- 30. Which method chooses readily available participants when access is limited?
A) Probability Sampling
B) Convenience Sampling
C) Purposive Sampling
D) Cluster Sampling
- 31. Which tool is used to collect data like questionnaires, interviews, or tests?
A) Sampling Technique
B) Data Cleaning
C) Population
D) Research Instrument
- 32. Which is a structured set of questions measuring attitudes or behaviors?
A) Interview Schedule
B) Tabulation Chart
C) Coding Sheet
D) Questionnaire
- 33. Which is a structured outline of questions administered personally for qualitative data?
A) Research Design
B) Questionnaire
C) Interview Schedule
D) Literature Review
- 34. What measures the accuracy of an instrument in capturing intended variables?
A) Validity
B) Reliability
C) Tabulation
D) Content Analysis
- 35. What measures consistency of research results when repeated under similar conditions?
A) Reliability
B) Frequency Distribution
C) Regression Analysis
D) Validity
- 36. Which validity measures if the instrument represents the entire domain of a concept?
A) Criterion Validity
B) Content Validity
C) Construct Validity
D) Internal Validity
- 37. Which validity measures whether an instrument captures abstract theoretical ideas?
A) Content Validity
B) Construct Validity
C) Criterion Validity
D) Reliability
- 38. Which validity checks if a tool can predict performance based on established benchmarks?
A) Internal Validity
B) Criterion Validity
C) Construct Validity
D) Content Validity
- 39. Which validity refers to confidence in causal relationships within experiments?
A) Content Validity
B) Reliability
C) External Validity
D) Internal Validity
- 40. Which validity ensures results can be generalized to broader populations?
A) Criterion Validity
B) Internal Validity
C) External Validity
D) Content Validity
- 41. Which statistics summarize numerical criminological data through averages, percentages, or frequencies?
A) Regression Analysis
B) Inferential Statistics
C) Frequency Analysis
D) Descriptive Statistics
- 42. Which statistics make predictions about populations from sample findings?
A) Trend Analysis
B) Coding
C) Inferential Statistics
D) Descriptive Statistics
- 43. Which represents the arithmetic average of criminological data?
A) Frequency
B) Median
C) Standard Deviation
D) Mean
- 44. Which is the middle value in an ordered dataset?
A) Frequency
B) Median
C) Mean
D) Mode
- 45. Which value occurs most frequently in a dataset?
A) Mode
B) Median
C) Mean
D) Standard Deviation
- 46. Which measures variability of data from the mean?
A) Standard Deviation
B) Mode
C) Frequency Distribution
D) Mean
- 47. Which presents how often data values occur in categories?
A) Standard Deviation
B) Regression Table
C) Coding Sheet
D) Frequency Distribution
- 48. Which value determines the strength and direction of relationships between variables?
A) Regression Analysis
B) Frequency Distribution
C) Correlation Coefficient
D) Standard Deviation
- 49. Which method predicts relationships between variables to estimate outcomes?
A) Inferential Analysis
B) Regression Analysis
C) Descriptive Study
D) Correlation Study
- 50. Which is a preliminary trial of research instruments to identify weaknesses?
A) Data Cleaning
B) Pilot Testing
C) Trend Analysis
D) Data Interpretation
- 51. What identifies a criminological issue requiring investigation?
A) Hypothesis
B) Variable
C) Research Problem
D) Scope
- 52. What systematically recognizes gaps in criminological understanding for research?
A) Research Framework
B) Literature Review
C) Problem Identification
D) Assumption
- 53. What articulates the criminological concern specifying variables and boundaries?
A) Theoretical Framework
B) Research Design
C) Operational Definition
D) Problem Definition
- 54. What is a tentative explanation predicting relationships between variables?
A) Hypothesis
B) Assumption
C) Conceptual Framework
D) Research Design
- 55. Which statement suggests no significant relationship exists between variables?
A) Predictive Statement
B) Null Hypothesis
C) Alternative Hypothesis
D) Descriptive Statement
- 56. Which asserts there is a significant relationship between variables?
A) Alternative Hypothesis
B) Null Hypothesis
C) Explanatory Research
D) Descriptive Study
- 57. Which explains relationships among theories, variables, and concepts?
A) Literature Review
B) Research Framework
C) Operational Definition
D) Conceptualization
- 58. Which links concepts in a diagram supporting study direction?
A) Variable Analysis
B) Theoretical Framework
C) Conceptual Framework
D) Research Problem
- 59. Which section identifies theories guiding interpretation of research phenomena?
A) Conceptual Framework
B) Literature Review
C) Research Design
D) Theoretical Framework
- 60. What refers to characteristics capable of change and measurable in research?
A) Assumptions
B) Population
C) Hypothesis
D) Variables
- 61. Which factor is manipulated or considered the influencing cause in research?
A) Dependent Variable
B) Independent Variable
C) Scope
D) Assumption
- 62. Which is the outcome measured and affected by changes in the independent variable?
A) Hypothesis
B) Dependent Variable
C) Delimitation
D) Independent Variable
- 63. Which specifies how concepts will be measured or interpreted in a study?
A) Research Problem
B) Operational Definition
C) Theoretical Framework
D) Conceptual Framework
- 64. Which examines scholarly works supporting, comparing, and contextualizing research topics?
A) Regression Analysis
B) Literature Review
C) Data Cleaning
D) Pilot Testing
- 65. Which are original firsthand materials like statistics, interviews, or case records?
A) Primary Sources
B) Conceptual Sources
C) Secondary Sources
D) Operational Data
- 66. Which are interpreted data from authors analyzing primary sources?
A) Primary Sources
B) Research Instruments
C) Conceptual Frameworks
D) Secondary Sources
- 67. Which process defines ideas clearly for measurable application in research?
A) Coding
B) Tabulation
C) Conceptualization
D) Literature Review
- 68. Which specifies boundaries and limitations of research variables, participants, or settings?
A) Scope of Study
B) Delimitation
C) Assumption
D) Hypothesis
- 69. Which refers to conditions accepted as true for research to proceed logically?
A) Variables
B) Hypothesis
C) Assumptions
D) Pilot Test
- 70. Which defines the boundaries, subjects, location, and time period of a study?
A) Variables
B) Delimitation
C) Research Framework
D) Scope of the Study
- 71. Which refers to moral standards guiding responsible research conduct?
A) Transparency
B) Privacy Rights
C) Research Ethics
D) Risk Assessment
- 72. Which is voluntary agreement acknowledging understanding of research purpose, risks, and benefits?
A) Informed Consent
B) Debriefing
C) Confidentiality
D) Voluntary Participation
- 73. Which ensures private information collected from participants remains undisclosed?
A) Confidentiality
B) Integrity
C) Data Security
D) Anonymity
- 74. Which conceals participant identities so responses cannot be linked to individuals?
A) Voluntary Participation
B) Confidentiality
C) Privacy Rights
D) Anonymity
- 75. Which principle ensures research maximizes benefits while minimizing risks?
A) Beneficence
B) Non-Maleficence
C) Justice
D) Integrity
- 76. Which requires researchers to avoid causing harm or unnecessary distress?
A) Beneficence
B) Transparency
C) Justice
D) Non-Maleficence
- 77. Which ensures fairness in selection, treatment, and inclusion of participants?
A) Coercion
B) Transparency
C) Beneficence
D) Justice
- 78. Which guarantees participants join research without coercion or undue influence?
A) Informed Consent
B) Anonymity
C) Voluntary Participation
D) Confidentiality
- 79. Which protects research information from unauthorized access, use, or disclosure?
A) Integrity
B) Data Security
C) Transparency
D) Privacy Rights
- 80. Which is the unethical act of using others’ ideas or words without acknowledgment?
A) Debriefing
B) Misrepresentation
C) Coercion
D) Plagiarism
- 81. Which refers to honesty and accuracy throughout research activities?
A) Integrity
B) Transparency
C) Coercion
D) Plagiarism
- 82. Which explains study purposes, procedures, or withheld information to participants after research?
A) Voluntary Participation
B) Debriefing
C) Informed Consent
D) Confidentiality
- 83. Which is formal approval from a review board permitting research involving humans?
A) Integrity
B) Research Ethics
C) Informed Consent
D) Ethical Clearance
- 84. Which are prescribed professional guidelines ensuring responsible researcher actions?
A) Beneficence
B) Risk Assessment
C) Code of Ethics
D) Integrity
- 85. Which evaluates potential dangers participants might experience during research?
A) Plagiarism
B) Data Security
C) Risk Assessment
D) Ethical Clearance
- 86. Which participants require special ethical safeguards due to limited decision-making capacity?
A) Sample Group
B) Population
C) Voluntary Participants
D) Vulnerable Participants
- 87. Which is forcing participants to join research against their free will?
A) Voluntary Participation
B) Transparency
C) Coercion
D) Beneficence
- 88. Which is participant entitlement to control personal information shared in research?
A) Privacy Rights
B) Data Security
C) Anonymity
D) Confidentiality
- 89. Which ensures full disclosure of research intentions to foster trust and credibility?
A) Transparency
B) Beneficence
C) Confidentiality
D) Integrity
- 90. Which is deliberate distortion of research data or findings violating ethical standards?
A) Plagiarism
B) Misrepresentation
C) Coercion
D) Transparency
- 91. Which is the systematic organization and examination of collected data to find patterns?
A) Data Cleaning
B) Tabulation
C) Trend Analysis
D) Data Analysis
- 92. Which is the logical explanation of analyzed findings to provide conclusions?
A) Data Interpretation
B) Trend Analysis
C) Coding
D) Data Cleaning
- 93. Which categorizes qualitative data into themes for systematic examination?
A) Coding
B) Data Cleaning
C) Trend Analysis
D) Tabulation
- 94. Which arranges data in tables for easier comparison and analysis?
A) Data Interpretation
B) Trend Analysis
C) Coding
D) Tabulation
- 95. Which communicates research results clearly using charts, tables, or narratives?
A) Data Presentation
B) Data Cleaning
C) Coding
D) Trend Analysis
- 96. Which identifies patterns over time to understand developments and future directions?
A) Trend Analysis
B) Regression
C) Data Cleaning
D) Frequency Distribution
- 97. Which removes inconsistencies and errors from databases before analysis?
A) Coding
B) Trend Analysis
C) Tabulation
D) Data Cleaning
- 98. Which applies mathematical formulas to process data and derive results?
A) Statistical Treatment
B) Correlation Coefficient
C) Regression Analysis
D) Descriptive Statistics
- 99. Which are final analyzed results describing outcomes and relationships?
A) Tabulation
B) Findings
C) Interpretation
D) Conclusion
- 100. Which is the summarized interpretation of outcomes supported by evidence addressing the research problem?
A) Conclusion
B) Findings
C) Interpretation
D) Data Presentation
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