- 1. The Development of Christian Doctrine and Theology has been a profound and evolving journey, rooted in the teachings of Jesus Christ and the apostolic traditions that followed his life and ministry. From the early days of the Church, as leaders and theologians such as the Apostle Paul articulated the significance of Jesus' death and resurrection, to the formation of the Nicene Creed in the fourth century, the foundations of Christian belief were being carefully laid. During the Patristic period, Church Fathers like Augustine and Athanasius grappled with complex theological questions regarding the nature of God, the divinity of Christ, and the relationship of the Holy Spirit, all of which contributed to a richer understanding of the Trinity. As Christianity spread throughout the Roman Empire and beyond, different cultural contexts and philosophical ideas influenced theological thought, leading to further developments such as scholasticism in the Middle Ages, where figures like Thomas Aquinas sought to reconcile faith with reason. The Reformation in the 16th century marked a significant shift as reformers like Martin Luther and John Calvin challenged established doctrines and ecclesiastical authority, emphasizing the primacy of Scripture and the doctrine of justification by faith. In the modern era, the rise of biblical criticism and existential philosophy has prompted new interpretations and discussions regarding the nature of revelation, the role of the Church, and the relevance of Christian doctrine in contemporary society. Thus, the development of Christian doctrine and theology is not merely a historical recounting of beliefs but a dynamic interplay of faith, reason, culture, and experience, reflecting the Church's ongoing search for understanding and the truth of the divine amidst a changing world.
What is the primary source of Christian doctrine?
A) The Bible
B) Tradition
C) Philosophy
D) Church Council Decisions
- 2. The Nicene Creed was established in which year?
A) 451 AD
B) 325 AD
C) 400 AD
D) 313 AD
- 3. What council addressed the Arian controversy?
A) The Second Vatican Council
B) The First Council of Nicaea
C) The Council of Chalcedon
D) The Council of Ephesus
- 4. What doctrine states that Jesus is fully God and fully man?
A) Trinity
B) Hypostatic Union
C) Incarnation
D) Transubstantiation
- 5. Which 16th-century movement sought to reform the Catholic Church?
A) The Enlightenment
B) The Great Schism
C) The Protestant Reformation
D) The Counter-Reformation
- 6. Who is credited with the 95 Theses?
A) John Calvin
B) Huldrych Zwingli
C) Henry VIII
D) Martin Luther
- 7. What does Transubstantiation refer to?
A) The Lord's Supper being symbolic
B) Baptism for infants
C) The change of bread and wine into Christ's body and blood
D) The resurrection of Christ
- 8. Which Gospel emphasizes Jesus' divinity?
A) The Gospel of Matthew
B) The Gospel of John
C) The Gospel of Luke
D) The Gospel of Mark
- 9. What term describes the authoritative list of books in the Bible?
A) Septuagint
B) Canon
C) Apocrypha
D) Scripture
- 10. What is the meaning of 'Apostolic Succession'?
A) The cycle of church seasons
B) The establishment of church creeds
C) The unbroken transmission of spiritual authority from the Apostles
D) The process of biblical interpretation
- 11. Which theologian is known for the concept of predestination?
A) John Calvin
B) Martin Luther
C) Ignatius of Loyola
D) Pelagius
- 12. Which Council defined the two natures of Christ?
A) Council of Chalcedon
B) Council of Ephesus
C) Vatican II
D) Council of Nicaea
- 13. Which doctrine is the belief in Mary as the Mother of God?
A) Assumption
B) Immaculate Conception
C) Theotokos
D) Purgatory
- 14. Which heresy denies the humanity of Christ?
A) Gnosticism
B) Docetism
C) Pelagianism
D) Arianism
- 15. Who translated the Bible into Latin, known as the Vulgate?
A) John Wycliffe
B) Jerome
C) Martin Luther
D) William Tyndale
- 16. Which branch of Christianity primarily adheres to the teachings of John Wesley?
A) Calvinism
B) Methodism
C) Lutheranism
D) Anglicanism
- 17. What is the term for the study of the end times?
A) Theology Proper
B) Soteriology
C) Christology
D) Eschatology
- 18. The doctrine that God is all-knowing is known as?
A) Omnipotence
B) Immanence
C) Omniscience
D) Omnipresence
- 19. Which movement emphasizes the power of the Holy Spirit?
A) Anglicanism
B) Pentecostalism
C) Fundamentalism
D) Liberalism
- 20. Which term refers to Jesus’ sacrificial death?
A) Atonement
B) Ascension
C) Resurrection
D) Incarnation
- 21. What document formally started the Protestant Reformation?
A) Ninety-Five Theses
B) Council of Nicaea
C) Westminster Confession
D) Augsburg Confession
- 22. What is the primary focus of liberation theology?
A) Tradition
B) Social justice
C) Intellectualism
D) Mystical experience
- 23. The concept of 'original sin' was primarily developed by which theologian?
A) St. Augustine
B) Thomas Aquinas
C) John Calvin
D) Martin Luther
- 24. What does 'schism' mean in a religious context?
A) A theological debate
B) A split or division in the Church
C) A type of liturgical practice
D) An ecumenical gathering
- 25. The idea that Scripture alone is the authority is known as what?
A) Sciptura et Tradition
B) Sola Fide
C) Sola Scriptura
D) Ecclesia et Ecclesiae
- 26. Which of the following is a key figure in the Eastern Orthodox Church?
A) Cardinal
B) Bishop
C) Pastor
D) Patriarch
- 27. What does the term 'Catholic' originally mean?
A) Traditional
B) Local
C) Universal
D) Secular
- 28. The document 'Nostra Aetate' is associated with which council?
A) Council of Trent
B) Lateran IV
C) Vatican II
D) First Nicaea
- 29. Who is credited with the 'Five Ways' of proving God's existence?
A) Blaise Pascal
B) Ignatius of Loyola
C) Anselm of Canterbury
D) Thomas Aquinas
- 30. What is the term for the official teachings of the Church?
A) Doctrine
B) Creed
C) Ritual
D) Dogma
- 31. Which creed was formulated in 325 AD?
A) Athanasian Creed
B) Chalcedonian Creed
C) Apostles' Creed
D) Nicene Creed
- 32. Which of the following is considered a sacrament in most Christian traditions?
A) Baptism
B) Sermon
C) Confession
D) Prayer
- 33. Which doctrine is associated with the Virgin Mary?
A) Transubstantiation
B) Immaculate Conception
C) Hypostatic Union
D) Atonement
- 34. What is the term for God's grace that cannot be earned?
A) Unmerited grace
B) Repentant grace
C) Sacramental grace
D) Common grace
- 35. Which issue did Martin Luther challenge?
A) Justification by Faith
B) Indulgences
C) The Papacy
D) Transubstantiation
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