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  • 1. A police officer arrives at a suspected homicide scene and finds a body with no obvious sign of life. What should the officer do first?
A) Begin collecting evidence
B) Pronounce the victim dead
C) Move in the body to the hospital
D) Call a physician to establish death
  • 2. A body is found with cherry red discoloration on the skin. What is the likely cause of death?
A) Natural causes
B) Phosphorus poisoning
C) Carbon monoxide poisoning
D) Asphyxia
  • 3. A corpse shows complete stiffening of muscles 4 hours after death. What is the likely cause of death?
A) Putrefaction
B) Livor mortis
C) Rigor mortis
D) Algor mortis
  • 4. During an autopsy the physician finds green discoloration spreading over the abdomen 24 hours after death. What is this indicative of?
A) Saponification
B) Mummification
C) Maceration
D) Early potrefaction
  • 5. A patient in coma dies due to failure of vital brain centers. What mode of death is this
A) Syncope
B) Cardiac arrest
C) Coma
D) Asphyxia
  • 6. A body is found with blood settled independent parts that changes when the body is moved. What type of lividity is this?
A) Hypostatic lividity
B) Phosphorus lividity
C) Diffusion lividity
D) Carbon monoxide lividity
  • 7. A person is founded with no heartbeat for 3 minutes but still has some respiratory effort. What is the legal status?
A) Suspended animation
B) Requires further examination
C) Dead
D) Alive
  • 8. A corpse shows dry blister formation after heat application with no surrounding redness. What does this indicate
A) Death occurred after heat application
B) Body is alive
C) Heat caused death
D) Death occurred before heat application
  • 9. A body is found with skin pale, and waxy, loss of elasticity and postmortem contact flattening. What stage is this?
A) Mummification
B) Autolysis
C) Advance putrefaction
D) Early postmortem changes
  • 10. Victim was found with instantaneous muscles rigidity immediately after death due to chest injury. What is this called
A) Cold stiffening
B) Rigor mortis
C) Heat stiffening
D) Cadaveric spasm
  • 11. A physician is called to determine death but finds the victim in a state of temporary loss of consciousness due to electric shock
A) Clinical death
B) Somatic death
C) Molecular death
D) Apparent death or suspended animation
  • 12. A corpse is found with dark brown lividity. what poison is likely involved?
A) Phosphorus
B) Cyanide
C) Carbon monoxide
D) Arsenic
  • 13. A body is found bloated with green discoloration and maggots 48 hours after death. What is the process called?
A) Putrefaction
B) Autolysis
C) Saponification
D) Mummification
  • 14. A physician performs an external examination of a dead body without incision
A) Post-mortem examination
B) Medical examination
C) Forensic investigation
D) Autopsy
  • 15. A forensic pathologist is task to determine if a death was due to homicide or natural causes
A) Research autopsy
B) Clinical autopsy
C) Medical autopsy
D) Medico-legal or forensic autopsy
  • 16. A victims body is found with the pupil fixed in the position of rest and loss of corneal reflex
A) Suspended animation
B) The person is alive
C) Brain death
D) Early signs of death
  • 17. A body is found with fatty tissues transferred into a soft brownish white substance
A) Mummification
B) Maceration
C) Saponification or adipocere formation
D) Putrefaction
  • 18. A physician notes that the victim survive an injury for prolonged period allowing complications to develop before them. What cause of death is this?
A) Immediate cause
B) Natural causes
C) Proximate (secondary) cause
D) Unknown cause
  • 19. A corpse is found with green discoloration over the abdomen and spreading to the chest 24 hours after death. What is the stage of putrefaction?
A) Early
B) Advance
C) None
D) Final
  • 20. A body is found with lividity that does not change when the body position is altered
A) Diffusion
B) Phosphorus
C) Carbon monoxide
D) Hypostatic
  • 21. A victim was exposed to extreme cold before death and the muscles are hardened
A) Cold stiffening
B) Heat stiffening
C) Rigor mortis
D) Cadaveric spasm
  • 22. A physician is called to crime scene where the victims heart has stopped for 6 minutes
A) The victim is alive
B) Death is certain
C) Requires resuscitation
D) Death is uncertain
  • 23. A body is found with a triangular black spot on the sclera a few hours after death. What is this called?
A) Rigor mortis
B) Algor mortis
C) Tache noir de la sclerotique
D) Livor mortis
  • 24. A forensic expert finds that the victims muscles no longer respond to electrical stimulus and have become flaccid after rigor mortis
A) Secondary flaccidity
B) Primary placidity
C) Post-mortem rigidity
D) Putrefaction
  • 25. A body is found with no heart action and no circulation for 2 minutes. What should be the next?
A) Wait for 3 minutes before declaring death
B) Attempt resuscitation
C) Declare that immediately
D) Call the police
  • 26. A victim died from respiratory failure due to lack of oxygen
A) Syncope
B) Asphyxia
C) Cardiac arrest
D) Coma
  • 27. A body is found with post more time lividity that is cherry red. What is the probable cause of death?
A) Cyanide poisoning
B) Both A and B
C) Carbon monoxide poisoning
  • 28. A corpse is found with skin that is pale and waxy and has lost elasticity. What post-mortem change is this?
A) Algor mortis
B) Rigor mortis
C) Changes in the skin after death
D) Livor mortis
  • 29. A forensic pathologist is examining a body and notes that the muscles of the face are stiff but the limbs are still flaccid. How long has the body likely been dead?
A) More than 12 hours
B) 6-12 hours
C) 2-6 hours
D) Less than 2 hours
  • 30. Which wound is most likely to cause that immediately after infliction
A) Closed wound
B) Non-mortal wound
C) Mortal wound
D) Superficial wound
  • 31. Which organ is NOT usually considered mortal if wounded
A) Heart
B) Brain
C) Lungs
D) Skin
  • 32. A wound caused by a blunt instrument is called:
A) Stab wound
B) Contusion
C) Incised wound
D) Punctured wound
  • 33. What is a wound caused by a sharp edge instrument
A) Contusion
B) Hematoma
C) Lacerated wound
D) Incised wound
  • 34. Which wound is produced by a sharp-pointed instrument
A) Stab wound
B) Abrasion
C) Punctured wound
D) Lacerated wound
  • 35. A wound that has both entry and exit points is called:
A) Contusion
B) Abrasion
C) Perforating wound
D) Lacerated wound
  • 36. In injury at the site of force application is:
A) Contre-coup injury
B) Lacerated wound
C) Patterned wound
D) Coup injury
  • 37. An injury found opposite the site of force application is:
A) Patterned wound
B) Coup injury
C) Contre-coup injury
D) Defense wound
  • 38. A wound resulting from self protection is called:
A) Defense wound
B) Self inflicted wound
C) Lacerated wound
D) Patterned wound
  • 39. A wound that reflects the shape of the object causing it is:
A) Closed wound
B) Superficial wound
C) Coup injury
D) Patterned wound
  • 40. A wound produced on oneself is called:
A) Patterned wound
B) Coup injury
C) Self-inflicted wound
D) Defense wound
  • 41. According to aristotle, at what day after conception does fetal animation occur?
A) 40th day
B) 20th day
C) 50th day
D) 30th day
  • 42. What did Numa Popilius decree regarding women dying during confinement?
A) They should be given a trial
B) They should be buried immediately
C) None of the above
D) They should be opened to save the child
  • 43. Who was the first police Surgeon or Forensic Pathologist?
A) Antistius
B) Dr. Rafael Genard y Mas
C) Ambroise Pare
D) Paulus Zacchias
  • 44. Death is defined medically as the complete cessation of which vital functions?
A) Respiratory and digestive only
B) Respiratory ,cardiac, and central nervous system
C) Central nervous system only
D) Cardiac and muscular only
  • 45. What happens to criminal liability upon death?
A) It is transferred to heirs
B) It is suspended
C) It continues
D) It is extinguished
  • 46. Immediate (primary) cause of death refers to:
A) Death caused by slow disease progression
B) Death caused quickly without complications
C) Death caused by accident only
D) Death caused by poisoning only
  • 47. What is somatic or clinical death
A) Death declared by family members
B) Temporary loss of consciousness
C) Complete sensation of brain, heart, and lung functions
D) Death of individual cells
  • 48. Which type of death involves the patient giving up prematurely?
A) Sociology death
B) Biologic death
C) Physiological death
D) Psychic death
  • 49. A man is found with a wound on his chest that passes through the body and exist from the back. What type of wound is this
A) Perforating wound
B) Penetrating wound
C) Incised wound
D) Lacerated wound
  • 50. A woman presents with a wound on her forearm that matches the shape of a belt buckle after being stuck. What is this wound called?
A) Patterned wound
B) Self-inflicted wound
C) Coup injury
D) Defense wound
  • 51. During an autopsy, a wound is found on the victims palm, likely caused by instinctive self protection against an attacker with a knife.
A) Contre-coup injury
B) Coup injury
C) Defense wound
D) Patterned wound
  • 52. A person working in a freezer for long hours develops swelling, discoloration, and tissue death in their fingers. What is the most likely diagnosed?
A) Trench foot
B) Heat stroke
C) Frostbite
D) Scald
  • 53. A victim is found with a gunshot wound to the abdomen. The wound is larger and more destructive than usual, and the firearm was discharged at closed range. What explains the severity?
A) Discharge was close to the skin
B) The bullet was made over rubber
C) The bullet was small
D) The wound was accidental
  • 54. After a car accident a patient is found to have a partial description in the ligamentous support of the ankle joint but no bone displacement.
A) Fracture
B) Sprain
C) Dislocation
D) Strain
  • 55. A young woman is examine after an alleged sexual assault. Her hymen is found to be lacerated. What is the medical term for this finding?
A) Cribiform hymen
B) Demi virginity
C) Defloration
D) False physical virginity
  • 56. A man is found hanging from a rope in his bedroom. The rope and anchorage are accessible, and there is evidence of movement of the rope as the body was suspended. What is the most likely manner of death?
A) Suicide
B) Accident
C) Undetermined
D) Homicide
  • 57. What is the first essential step in a homicide investigation
A) Arresting suspect
B) Collecting evidence
C) Interviewing witness
D) Establishing the fact of death
  • 58. Which mode of death results primarily brown failure of lighter brain centers
A) Coma
B) Cardiac arrest
C) Asphyxia
D) Syncope
  • 59. What is rigor mortis
A) Stiffening of the body muscles after death
B) This coloration of the body
C) Lost of corneal reflex
D) Cooling of the body
  • 60. How long does it generally take for the body to reach ambient temperature after death in tropical countries
A) 1-3 hours
B) 24 hours
C) 6-8hours
D) 12-15 hours
  • 61. What is the stage of secondary flaccidity
A) Cooling ng of the body
B) Muscle relaxation after rigor mortis disappears
C) Initial muscles stiffness
D) Discoloration of the skin
  • 62. What is a autolysis
A) Self-digestion of tissues by enzymes after death
B) Cooling of the body
C) Bacterial decomposition
D) Muscles tiffening
  • 63. Putrefaction involve:
A) Loss of corneal reflex
B) Breaking down of proteins with foul-smelling gases
C) Instantaneous muscles definition
D) Dehydration of the body
  • 64. Which of the following is a special modification of putrefaction
A) Maceration
B) Mummification
C) Saponification
D) All of the above
  • 65. What is the difference between autopsy and postmortem examination
A) Autopsy includes internal examination; postmortem is external only
B) Both are the same
C) Postmortem includes internal examination; autopsy is external only
D) Autopsy is done by police only
  • 66. What is the main purpose of medical legal or forensic autopsy
A) Determine cause, manner, and time of death for legal purposes
B) Determine medical cause of death for research
C) Perform organ donation
D) None of the above
  • 67. Which is not a general effect of heat
A) Heat stroke
B) Heat cramps
C) Frostbite
D) Heat exhaustion
  • 68. Painful muscle contractions due to dehydration are called
A) Trench foot
B) Heat exhaustion
C) Heatstroke
D) Heat cramps
  • 69. Heart failure caused by heat and exertion is:
A) Heat exhaustion
B) Heat cramps
C) Heat stroke
D) Frostbite
  • 70. A life threatening condition from high temperature is;
A) Heat exhaustion
B) Heat stroke
C) Heat cramps
D) Scald
  • 71. A burn caused by heat liquid is
A) Contusion
B) Scald
C) Burn
D) Frostbite
  • 72. All gunshot wounds result from the entry of
A) Projectile
B) Blunt object
C) Knife
D) Rope
  • 73. The closer the gun is to the skin, the;
A) Greater the damage
B) Lesser the damage
C) None of the above
D) No effect
  • 74. Which is not a sign of accidental gunshot wound
A) No spatial area involved
B) Usually one shot
C) Witness testimony
D) Multiple wounds
  • 75. Which is not a sign of homicidal gunshot wound
A) Absence of weapon
B) Signs of struggle
C) Multiple entry sites
D) Firearm found at scene
  • 76. Hanging is usually considered:
A) Homicide
B) Accidental
C) Undetermined
D) Suicidal
  • 77. Which is not a common method of suicide
A) Poisoning
B) Frostbite
C) Hanging
D) Drowning
  • 78. Accidental death is defined as death that:
A) Is self inflicted
B) Occurs beyond one's will
C) Is planned
D) Is always violent
  • 79. Rape is committed when there is
A) Full penetration
B) Only oral contact
C) Slightest penetration
D) No penetration
  • 80. A child falls and scrapes his knee resulting in the loss of the superficial layers of skin. What type of wound is this
A) Incised wound
B) Lacerated wound
C) Contusion
D) Abrasion
  • 81. Which is not an essential element of rape
A) Victim is always over 18
B) Carnal knowledge
C) Use of force or intimidation
D) Offender is a man
  • 82. Sexual assault under the anti rape law includes:
A) Inserting penis into mouth
B) Both a and b
C) Inserting object into genital or orifice
  • 83. Which is not evidence in rape investigation
A) Panty of victim
B) Physical exam of victim
C) Suspects clothing
D) Victims height
  • 84. Virginity is presumed when a woman is:
A) None of the above
B) Single and good repetition
C) Married
D) Over 40
  • 85. Defloration is:
A) Only from sports
B) Laceration of hymen from sexual intercourse
C) Only hymen injury
D) None of the above
  • 86. Demi virginity refers to:
A) Never having sexual liberties
B) None of the above
C) Permitting sexual liberties but not rupturing hymen
D) Complete abstinence
  • 87. Homosexuality is
A) Sexual desire towards animals
B) Sexual desire towards same sex
C) Sexual desire towards children
D) Sexual desire towards corpses
  • 88. Necrophilia is
A) Sexual desire towards corpses
B) Sexual desire towards same sex
C) Sexual desire towards animal
D) Sexual desire towards children
  • 89. What is the usual time frame for rigor mortis to disappear
A) 1 week
B) 48-72 hours
C) 6-12 hours
D) 18-36 hours
  • 90. What is the first sign of death in the eye
A) Flaccidity of eyeball
B) Pupil fixed in position of rest
C) Loss of corneal reflex
D) Clouding of cornea
  • 91. What is "Tache noir de la sclerotique"
A) Post-mortem spots on sclera appearing hours after death
B) Discoloration of nails
C) Bruise on the skin
D) Rigor mortis in eyelids
  • 92. What does heat application on skin after death produced
A) Wet blister
B) No blister
C) Dry blister without fluid
D) Redness around blister
  • 93. What is hypostatic lividity
A) Blood still fluid inside vessels; changes with body position
B) Blood coagulated inside vessels; does not change with position
C) Discoloration due to poisoning
D) Cooling of the body
  • 94. What is diffusion lividity
A) Loss of corneal reflex
B) Blood still fluid inside a vessels
C) Discoloration due to heat
D) Blood coagulated inside vessels
  • 95. What is the cause of death in syncope
A) Poisoning
B) Respiratory failure
C) Brain failure
D) Heart failure
  • 96. What is the cause of death in asphyxia
A) Brain failure
B) Heart failure
C) Respiratory failure due to lack of oxygen
D) Poisoning
  • 97. Which of the following is not a method of judicial death
A) Electrocution
B) Hanging
C) Natural causes
D) Lethal injection
  • 98. A body is found with rigor mortis fully developed and fix lividity. How long has the person likely been dead
A) 12 hours or more
B) More than 1 week
C) 3-6 hours
D) Less than 3 hours
  • 99. Which vital function must cease for death to be legally declared
A) Cardiac activity only
B) Central nervous system activity only
C) Respiratory only
D) All three; respiratory, cardiac, and central nervous system
  • 100. The first medico-legal laboratory in the philippines was established in
A) 1960
B) 1985
C) 1919
D) 1895
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