A) Herbert Spencer B) Charles Darwin C) Alexander Oparin D) Stanley Miller
A) 1924 B) 1952 C) 1871 D) 1864
A) A lipid bilayer B) A carbohydrate chain C) A nucleic acid D) A protein compound
A) Present-day living creatures would devour or absorb it B) Ultraviolet radiation destroys it today C) Temperatures are too high today D) There is too much oxygen present today
A) Alexander Oparin and J. B. S. Haldane B) J. D. Bernal and Joseph Hooker C) Herbert Spencer and William Turner Thiselton-Dyer D) Stanley Miller and Harold Urey
A) A hot dilute soup B) A concentrated ammonia solution C) Pure liquid methane D) Molten lava and sulfur
A) Harold Urey B) Herbert Spencer C) J. D. Bernal D) Joseph Hooker
A) Five B) Three C) Two D) Four
A) The origin of biological polymers B) The evolution from molecules to cells C) The origin of biological monomers D) The formation of the primitive atmosphere
A) The origin of biological polymers B) The condensation of gas clouds C) The origin of biological monomers D) The evolution from molecules to cells
A) The creation of stellar nucleosynthesis B) The origin of biological polymers C) The evolution from molecules to cells D) The origin of biological monomers
A) 1924 B) 1967 C) 1871 D) 1952
A) An electric current B) Magnetic pulses C) Ultraviolet radiation D) Intense heat
A) Oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and helium B) Methane, ammonia, hydrogen, and water vapor C) Hydrogen, oxygen, and ozone D) Carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and neon
A) Amino acids B) Monosaccharides C) Nucleotides D) Phospholipids
A) A massive presence of atmospheric oxygen B) The existence of modern prokaryotic cells C) A physical-chemical explanation for sources and sinks for free energy D) The complete absence of water vapor
A) Frozen and solid B) Extremely oxygen-rich C) Completely oxidizing D) Weakly reducing or neutral
A) Lithium and helium B) Ammonia and methane gas C) Phosphoric salts and sulfur D) Iron and carbonate minerals
A) Outer space and deep-sea hydrothermal vents B) Stratospheric clouds and subterranean caves C) Volcanic craters and shallow freshwater lakes D) Desert sand dunes and glacial ice sheets
A) 4.6 billion years ago (4.6 Gya) B) 14 billion years ago (14 Gya) C) 1.8 billion years ago D) 20 billion years ago
A) Carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen B) Sodium, potassium, and calcium C) Iron, nickel, and silicon D) Hydrogen, helium, and lithium
A) Gravitational accretion at the hot and dense centers of rotating protostellar disks B) Through sudden chemical reactions in primordial soup C) By volcanic eruptions on early planets D) Via the cooling of liquid water oceans
A) Radioactive decay B) Photosynthesis C) Stellar nucleosynthesis D) Planetary accretion
A) Iron-56 B) Carbon-12 C) Lithium-7 D) Hydrogen-1
A) During supernovas at the end of a star's lifecycle B) Inside white dwarf stars C) During the Big Bang itself D) During the nebular condensation of the Sun
A) Hydrogen B) Iron C) Oxygen D) Carbon
A) Neutron stars B) Red supergiant stars C) Protostars D) White dwarf stars
A) The activity of deep-sea hydrothermal vents B) Ejection of heavier elements like carbon and oxygen by white dwarf stars C) The cooling of pure hydrogen gas clouds D) Electric currents passing through ammonia
A) 4.6 Gya B) 14 Gya C) 10 Gya D) 1.8 Gya
A) Gravitational collapse of part of a giant molecular cloud B) The fusion of lithium and helium in open space C) The sudden cooling of the primordial soup D) A massive supernova explosion nearby
A) The Sun B) Jupiter C) A white dwarf D) The Earth
A) A warm little pond B) A stellar nursery C) A protoplanetary disk D) A primordial ocean
A) Constant energy consumption and growth. B) Metabolic reactions and cellular self-assembly. C) The translation of RNA into functional proteins. D) Reproduction with heritable variations.
A) Last universal common ancestor. B) Longest universal common ancestor. C) Last unicellular common assemblage. D) Latest universal cellular assembler.
A) A free-floating viral cluster. B) A complex anaerobic animal. C) A multicellular marine plant. D) A single-celled organism.
A) The Wood–Ljungdahl metabolic pathway. B) Glycolysis. C) The Krebs cycle. D) The Calvin cycle.
A) RNA ribozyme. B) Aminoacyl transferase. C) ATP synthase. D) DNA polymerase.
A) No B) Only in extraterrestrial environments C) Yes D) Only in artificial laboratory simulations
A) Biological evolution. B) Aerobic respiration. C) DNA replication. D) Prebiotic synthesis.
A) Impossible to track. B) Completely mysterious. C) Readily understood. D) Disputed in detail.
A) Geology. B) Biochemistry. C) Astrobiology. D) Paleontology.
A) Why other planets lack liquid water. B) How modern DNA polymerase replicates without errors. C) How all these chemicals came into being. D) How multicellular animals evolved from plants.
A) Biopoiesis B) Abiogenesis is the only term C) Biosynthesis D) Cytogenesis
A) Amino acids B) Carbohydrates C) Lipids D) Nucleic acids
A) 12 B) 60 C) 1000 D) 355
A) 355 B) 60 C) 100 D) 5000
A) Western Australia B) South Africa C) Quebec D) Greenland
A) 19th century B) 18th century C) 20th century D) 17th century
A) Thomas Browne B) Robert Hooke C) Antonie van Leeuwenhoek D) Francesco Redi
A) Plant roots B) Microorganisms C) Mammalian organs D) Fossils
A) 1660s B) 1700s C) 1650s D) 1680s
A) Antonie van Leeuwenhoek B) Robert Hooke C) Francesco Redi D) Thomas Browne
A) Micrographia B) Principia Mathematica C) Origin of Species D) Pseudodoxia Epidemica
A) Anaxagoras B) Robert Hooke C) Francesco Redi D) Thomas Browne
A) Abiogenesis B) Evolution C) Panspermia D) Spontaneous generation
A) Aristotle B) Francesco Redi C) Anaxagoras D) Thomas Browne
A) Saturn B) Venus C) Mars D) Jupiter
A) Phanerozoic B) Hadean C) Proterozoic D) Archean
A) T Tauri B) Narryer C) Theia D) Imbrium
A) The primary atmosphere B) The continental crust C) The magnetic field D) The liquid oceans
A) 7.0 B) 8.2 C) 4.0 D) 5.5
A) A highly oxygenated greenhouse environment B) A calm, neutral layer of inert gases C) A gigantic, productive outdoor chemical laboratory D) A sterile, frozen expanse of ice and rock
A) T Tauri stage B) Main sequence stage C) Supernova stage D) Red giant stage
A) Primary atmosphere accretion hypothesis B) Abiotic chemistry hypothesis C) Late Heavy Bombardment hypothesis D) Moon-forming impact hypothesis
A) More than ten meters B) More than one hundred meters C) Less than one meter D) Exactly five meters
A) 100–150 °C B) 200–250 °C C) 20–40 °C D) 0–10 °C
A) Abiotic processes in silica-rich waters B) Advanced cellular fossilization C) Rapid biological evolution D) Photosynthetic oxidation by cyanobacteria
A) Akilia Island, southwestern Greenland B) Western Australia C) Jack Hills D) Northern Quebec
A) Garnet crystals B) Pyrite crystals C) Zircon crystals D) Quartz crystals
A) Isua supracrustal belt garnet crystals B) Dresser Formation stromatolites C) Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt microbialites D) Jack Hills zircons
A) Stromatolites B) Silica-rich chemical gardens C) Microbialites D) Banded iron formations
A) Hydrothermal vent bacteria B) Cyanobacteria C) Fungi and lichens D) Deep-sea archaea
A) Molecular clocking B) Abiotic precipitation C) Pseudo-panspermia D) Stellar nucleosynthesis
A) Ionizing radiation B) Extreme cold C) Magnetic fields D) Solar flares
A) Ribose B) Glucose C) Methionine D) Guanine
A) Alanine B) Glycine C) Valine D) Leucine
A) 1,000 tons B) 40,000 tons C) 10 million tons D) 5 million tons
A) Water molecules B) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons C) Amino acids D) Nucleotides
A) In the last billion years B) Just before the formation of the solar system C) Shortly after the Big Bang D) During the formation of the Earth
A) HH 46-IR B) Proxima Centauri C) Betelgeuse D) Alpha Centauri
A) Photosynthesis B) Hydrogenation C) Evaporation D) Sublimation
A) Peculiar surface-catalytic activities B) High magnetic charge C) Radioactive decay D) Extreme temperature
A) Its heavy molecular weight B) 12C/13C isotopic ratios C) Its magnetic properties D) Its bright green color
A) Glycolaldehyde B) Fructose C) Sucrose D) Galactose
A) 1950s B) 1920s C) 1960s D) 1860s
A) Miller–Urey experiment B) Oró experiment C) Breslow experiment D) Butlerov experiment
A) 40 B) 30 C) 10 D) 20
A) Formamide B) Ammonia C) Cyanide D) Formaldehyde
A) Magnesium B) Calcium C) Iron D) Sodium
A) 1965 B) 1861 C) 1953 D) 1959
A) Pyrimidine B) Formaldehyde C) Formamide D) Purine
A) Formaldehyde B) Cyanoacetylene C) Hydrogen cyanide D) Ammonia
A) Boiling temperatures B) Intense ultraviolet radiation C) High vacuum D) Freezing temperatures
A) Thermal expansion B) Sublimation C) Crystallization D) Eutectic freezing
A) Their oxidation B) Their polymerization C) Their evaporation D) Their hydrolysis
A) They only work in a vacuum B) They also catalyze peptide hydrolysis C) They destroy amino acids instantly D) They require extremely high pressure
A) Methane B) Cyanamide C) Ethanol D) Glucose
A) Carbonyl sulfide B) Sulfuric acid C) Hydrogen sulfide D) Sulphur hexafluoride
A) 2023 B) 2021 C) 2024 D) 2019
A) Generating atmospheric oxygen B) Producing free fatty acids C) Directly synthesizing DNA D) Concentrating prebiotically relevant building blocks |