- 1. Who led the Moorish victory in Iberia in 711?
A) Tariq ibn Ziyad
B) Bodo the Frank
C) Abd al-Rahman I
D) Lucas de Tuy
- 2. Which city was known as 'Granada of the Jews'?
A) Seville
B) Granada
C) Córdoba
D) Toledo
- 3. Who established Umayyad dynasty rule in 755?
A) Lucas de Tuy
B) Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada
C) Tariq ibn Ziyad
D) Abd al-Rahman I
- 4. What status did Jews hold under Muslim rule?
A) Citizens
B) Slaves
C) Nobility
D) Dhimmis
- 5. Which academies influenced Sephardic scholarship during the early period?
A) Toledo and Granada
B) Córdoba and Seville
C) Amiara and Asturias
D) Sura and Pumbedita
- 6. What was the main language of Sephardic science and philosophy by the late 9th century?
A) Arabic
B) Greek
C) Hebrew
D) Latin
- 7. Who was the former deacon that converted to Judaism in 838?
A) Lucas de Tuy
B) Tariq ibn Ziyad
C) Álvaro of Córdoba
D) Bodo the Frank
- 8. Approximately what percentage of the population did Jews make up in al-Andalus?
A) 25%
B) 50%
C) 2%
D) 10%
- 9. According to the Chronicle of Lucas de Tuy, what did the Jews do in Toledo?
A) Fled to the mountains of Asturias
B) Defended the Church of Saint Leocadia
C) Informed the Saracens and opened the gates
D) Refused to speak with the Moors
- 10. How did Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada explain the state of Toledo after the conquest?
A) The Jews had massacred the Catholics
B) The city was heavily defended by Catholics
C) The Moors had destroyed all the buildings
D) The city was almost empty of its inhabitants
- 11. What is the earliest archaeological evidence of Hebrew presence in Iberia according to the text?
A) A 2nd-century gravestone found in Mérida
B) A synagogue ruin in Tarragona
C) A 1st-century amphora from Cádiz
D) A bronze coin from the 3rd century BCE
- 12. Which group's conversion from Arianism to the Nicene Creed caused conditions for Jews to worsen?
A) The Umayyad caliphs
B) The Almohad rulers
C) The Roman emperors
D) The Visigothic monarchs
- 13. What was a consequence of the 1492 Alhambra Decree for those who stayed and converted?
A) They were granted immediate social equality
B) They became 'New Christians' subject to the limpieza de sangre system
C) They were exiled to Northern Africa
D) They were appointed to high political office
- 14. What is a 1924 decree related to regarding Sephardi Jews?
A) Initiatives to facilitate Spanish citizenship based on ancestry
B) A tax levied on Sephardi descendants
C) The formal expulsion of all remaining Sephardim
D) The recognition of Ladino as an official language
- 15. What is the name of the Jewish infant commemorated on a 3rd-century tombstone from Adra?
A) Sarah bat Abraham
B) Annia Salomonula
C) Alucius Roscius
D) Maria the Spaniard
- 16. To which location did Flavius Josephus suggest Herod Antipas was exiled in his later work?
A) Judea
B) Hispania
C) Egypt
D) Gaul
- 17. According to the Council of Elvira, what was forbidden regarding Christian crops?
A) Jews were forbidden from selling them
B) Jews were forbidden from harvesting them
C) Jews were forbidden from eating them
D) Jews were forbidden from blessing them
- 18. What happened to the Jewish population of Menorca in 418 CE?
A) They were granted autonomy by the local bishop
B) They were forcibly converted following a riot
C) They fled to the Roman Empire to seek protection
D) They successfully defended their synagogue against an army
- 19. Why was Jewish life in early medieval Hispania considered more tolerable than in the Byzantine Empire?
A) The Church had difficulty establishing itself in the west
B) The Visigoths were staunchly Jewish supporters
C) The Roman administration actively protected Jewish rights
D) Jewish leaders held absolute military power
- 20. What is the estimated current Jewish population in Spain?
A) 100,000 to 200,000
B) 40,000 to 50,000
C) 10,000 to 15,000
D) 5,000 to 7,000
- 21. What practice of the Synod of Elvira was considered more strictly prohibited than interaction with pagans?
A) Building new synagogues
B) Speaking the Hebrew language
C) Trading with pagans
D) Marriage with Jews
- 22. Which biblical figure is claimed by a 16th-century legend to be buried in Murviedro?
A) Adoniram
B) Obadiah
C) King Solomon
D) Jonathan ben Uzziel
- 23. In which biblical book is the name Sepharad first mentioned?
A) I Kings
B) Jeremiah
C) Obadiah
D) Ezekiel
- 24. How did Jonathan ben Uzziel translate the Hebrew word Sepharad?
A) Alandalus
B) Ṣarfat
C) Aspamia
D) Tarshish
- 25. Which name did Hisdai ibn Shaprut state the Arabs used for the land they called Sepharad?
A) Alandalus
B) Tarshish
C) Aspamia
D) Ṣarfat
- 26. With which ancient location is the biblical Tarshish sometimes associated?
A) Jerusalem
B) Khazaria
C) Córdoba
D) Tartessus
- 27. How did Rabbi David Kimchi identify the location of Sepharad in his commentary on Obadiah?
A) France
B) Italy
C) Spain
D) Germany
- 28. What is the Mishnah, a compendium of Jewish oral laws, associated with?
A) Hisdai ibn Shaprut
B) Judah ha-Nasi
C) David ben Abraham al-Fasi
D) Isaac Abravanel
- 29. Don Isaac Abrabanel claimed that the first Jews to arrive in Spain were brought by a Greek confederate of the king of Babylon named what?
A) Phiros
B) Heracles
C) Titus
D) Espan
- 30. From which of the following figures does the name 'España' derive, according to Abrabanel?
A) Espan
B) Titus
C) Alaric
D) Phiros
- 31. What did Abrabanel suggest was the original meaning of the name Ṭulayṭulah (Toledo)?
A) New Zion
B) Wandering
C) City of Silk
D) Safe Haven
- 32. Which Visigothic king was the first to concern himself with Jews in his laws by adopting Roman codes?
A) Alaric II
B) Recared
C) Sisebut
D) Chintila
- 33. Which Visigothic king issued the first decree requiring mass conversion or expulsion of Jews in 613?
A) Recared
B) Sisebut
C) Egica
D) Wamba
- 34. Who were considered a 'liberating force' by the Jews at the time of the 711 invasion?
A) The Visigothic nobles
B) The Eastern Romans
C) The Franks
D) The Moors
- 35. What was the name of the original pagan name for Toledo according to Abrabanel?
A) Septimania
B) Lucena
C) Pirisvalle
D) Hispania
- 36. Which dynasty was overthrown in 750, leading to the rise of 'Abd al-Raḥmān I?
A) Abbasid
B) Ottoman
C) Fatimid
D) Umayyad
- 37. In what year did 'Abd al-Raḥmān I establish the Emirate of Córdoba?
A) 756
B) 970
C) 750
D) 929
- 38. What position did Ḥasdai ibn Shaprūṭ hold within the Jewish community?
A) Scribe
B) Vizier
C) Rabbi
D) Nasi
- 39. What was the initial area of expertise that led to Ḥasdai ibn Shaprūṭ’s rise?
A) Agriculture
B) Medicine
C) Architecture
D) Military strategy
- 40. Who was appointed to lead the talmudic academy founded by Ḥasdai ibn Shaprūṭ?
A) Menaḥem ben Saruq
B) Dunash ben Labraṭ
C) Moses ben Hanoch
D) Helena
- 41. Which scholar is known as the innovator of Hebrew metrical poetry?
A) Menaḥem ben Saruq
B) Dunash ben Labraṭ
C) Moses ben Hanoch
D) Ḥasdai ibn Shaprūṭ
- 42. Who compiled the first Hebrew dictionary mentioned in the text?
A) Ḥasdai ibn Shaprūṭ
B) Dunash ben Labraṭ
C) Menaḥem ben Saruq
D) Moses ben Hanoch
- 43. To which foreign leader did Ḥasdai ibn Shaprūṭ write, requesting protection for Jews?
A) The Abbasid Caliph
B) The King of the Khazars
C) Princess Helena
D) The Pope
- 44. Which city was one of the centers of the taifa kingdoms where Jews held vizierial positions?
A) Seville
B) Valencia
C) Barcelona
D) Madrid
- 45. How did Samuel ha-Nagid first gain the attention of the court in Granada?
A) Through his refined calligraphy
B) Through his extensive trade connections
C) Through his medical expertise
D) Through his military prowess
- 46. Besides being a vizier, what was one of Samuel ha-Nagid's most significant roles?
A) Royal treasurer
B) Chief Rabbi of Seville
C) Head of the Inquisition
D) Military commander
- 47. Which city was known for having a population that was reportedly entirely Jewish during its heyday?
A) Lucena
B) Zaragoza
C) Toledo
D) Granada
- 48. Which work by Judah Halevi is a fictional dialogue inspired by the conversion of a Khazar king?
A) Libi BaMizrah
B) Shirei Tzion
C) Fons Vitae
D) Kuzari
- 49. Which Berber Muslim dynasty was invited to assist the ruler of Seville in 1085?
A) Almoravids
B) Abbasids
C) Umayyads
D) Almohads
- 50. Who displaced the Almoravids in North Africa?
A) Christian Crusaders
B) Almohads
C) Umayyad loyalists
D) Berber rebels
- 51. By what year had the Almohads taken control of much of Islamic Iberia?
A) 1112
B) 1215
C) 1172
D) 1085
- 52. What choice were Jews and Christians offered by the Almohads?
A) Slavery or military service
B) Integration or emigration
C) Taxes or exile
D) Death or conversion
- 53. What did Christian leaders grant to Jewish communities in reconquered cities?
A) Exemption from all taxation
B) The right to rule the cities
C) Extensive autonomy
D) Full political equality
- 54. Which early Christian ruler issued the fuero of Castrojeriz in 974?
A) The King of Leon
B) The Council of Coyanza
C) Alfonso V
D) Garcia Fernandez
- 55. In what year did the Council of Leon take place?
A) 1050
B) 1085
C) 1020
D) 974
- 56. Which activity was NOT listed as something Jews engaged in while living in Leon?
A) Agriculture
B) Maritime trade
C) Viticulture
D) Handicrafts
- 57. Who presided over the Council of Leon in 1020?
A) The Bishop of Coyanza
B) Garcia Fernandez
C) Alfonso V
D) The Count of Castile
- 58. What distinguished the 40,000 Jews in Alfonso VI's army?
A) Red capes
B) White armbands
C) Blue shields
D) Black-and-yellow turbans
- 59. Which Pope warned Alfonso VI not to permit Jews to rule over Catholics?
A) Urban II
B) Paschal II
C) Alexander II
D) Gregory VII
- 60. What was the name of Alfonso VIII's Jewish lover?
A) Judith of Leon
B) Sarah the Wise
C) Miriam of Toledo
D) Rachel (Fermosa)
- 61. Which group murdered Fermosa and her relatives in Toledo?
A) The Jewish community
B) The clergy
C) The nobility
D) The Moorish army
- 62. Where did Alfonso VII assign dwellings to Jewish fugitives from the Almohades?
A) Flascala
B) Uclés
C) Sagrajas
D) Leon
- 63. In what year did Alfonso VI die?
A) 1166
B) 1109
C) 1147
D) 1085
- 64. In what city did the Crusaders start their violent campaign against Jews in 1212?
A) Aragon
B) Madrid
C) Valencia
D) Toledo
- 65. Who intervened to save the Jews of Toledo from the Crusaders?
A) The Moorish leaders
B) The local merchants
C) The knights
D) The Pope
- 66. What distinguishing item were Jews compelled to wear on their clothing?
A) A cross pin
B) A yellow badge
C) A red armband
D) A blue hat
- 67. What was the official reason given for requiring Jews to wear a badge?
A) To identify them for taxation
B) To mark them as criminals
C) For their own safety
D) To prevent them from entering churches
- 68. How much was the fine for a Jew apprehended without the mandatory badge?
A) One hundred gold maravedís
B) Ten gold maravedís
C) Twenty gold maravedís
D) Five silver coins
- 69. On which day were Jews forbidden to appear in public?
A) Good Friday
B) Every Sunday
C) Christmas Day
D) Easter Sunday
- 70. Approximately how many Jewish communities existed in Catholic Spain around 1300?
A) 1,000
B) 500
C) 50
D) 120
- 71. In which region did the majority of Spanish Jews live around 1300?
A) Valencia
B) Aragon
C) Catalonia
D) Castile
- 72. Which of these individuals served as a court rabbi and chief-tax-farmer?
A) Abraham Senior
B) Pope Innocent IV
C) Alfonso
D) Vidal Taroç
- 73. Who served as the treasurer to Peter of Castile?
A) Abraham David Taroç
B) Peter IV
C) Samuel ha-Levi
D) Alfonso IV
- 74. What did enemies call Peter of Castile's court in derision?
A) A heretic's den
B) An abandoned fortress
C) A Jewish court
D) A house of cruelty
- 75. When did Henry II of Castile and his mob invade the Alcaná of Toledo?
A) 1360
B) 7 May 1355
C) 1328
D) 1350
- 76. Approximately how many Jews were murdered in the Alcaná of Toledo in 1355?
A) 5,000
B) 500
C) 1,200
D) 2,000
- 77. What was the attitude of Henry II toward the Jews of Spain?
A) Protective.
B) Antagonistic.
C) Indifferent.
D) Highly supportive.
- 78. During the civil conflict of 1366, to which king did the Jews remain loyal?
A) Henry de Trastámara
B) King Peter
C) John I
D) Bertrand Du Guesclin
- 79. Which town is mentioned as having a Jewish community known for its many scholars?
A) Toro
B) Jaén
C) Burgos
D) Villadiego
- 80. How many Jewish families from Jaén were taken prisoner to Granada?
A) 1,000
B) 8,000
C) 50
D) 300
- 81. On what date was King Peter beheaded?
A) March 14, 1379
B) March 14, 1366
C) March 14, 1371
D) March 14, 1369
- 82. Who served as Henry II's contador mayor, or chief tax-collector?
A) Samuel Zarza
B) Abraham ibn Zarzal
C) Samuel Abravanel
D) Joseph Pichon
- 83. What was the official reason for the accusation brought against Joseph Pichon?
A) Wearing costly garments
B) Failure to pay taxes
C) Treason
D) Practicing astrology
- 84. What act were Jews no longer permitted to perform regarding their prayer-books under the 1380 enactment?
A) Translating them into Spanish
B) Printing them without royal approval
C) Publicly chanting in the streets
D) Including clauses cursing Catholics
- 85. Which religious figure is credited with inciting the riots in Seville in 1391?
A) Ferrand Martínez
B) Hasdai Crescas
C) Vicente Ferrer
D) Moses ibn Ẓarẓal
- 86. How many Jews were reported killed in the attack on the Judería of Seville on June 6, 1391?
A) 2000
B) 4000
C) 300
D) 7000
- 87. Which city experienced a massacre where 2000 corpses were left in the streets and houses?
A) Seville
B) Valencia
C) Barcelona
D) Córdoba
- 88. Which friar was present during the mass baptism of Jews in Valencia?
A) Vicente Ferrer
B) Isaac ben Sheshet
C) Asher ben Jehiel
D) Ferrand Martínez
- 89. In which city did 800 Jews find refuge in a fort before fleeing to North Africa?
A) Lérida
B) Barcelona
C) Palma
D) Toledo
- 90. Who was the son of Hasdai Crescas who was murdered in the Barcelona riots?
A) Isaac Crescas
B) The only son
C) Joseph Crescas
D) He had no son
- 91. What is the date of the letter written by Don Hasdai Crescas regarding the 1391 events?
A) 9 October 1390
B) 15 March 1391
C) 19 October 1391
D) 2 August 1391
- 92. Where did many Jews settle after leaving Spain due to persecution?
A) England
B) North Africa
C) Italy
D) France
- 93. What profession was Solomon ha-Levi, also known as Paul de Santa Maria, formerly associated with before his conversion?
A) Architect
B) Scholar
C) Sailor
D) Soldier
- 94. What area of study saw a resurgence among Spanish Jews in the early 15th century due to forced conversions?
A) Astronomy
B) Philosophy
C) Mathematics
D) Kabbalah
- 95. How long were Jews given to move into enclosed Juderías after the 1412 order?
A) Eight days
B) One year
C) One month
D) Two weeks
- 96. Under the 1412 law, what title were Jews prohibited from using?
A) Doctor
B) Don
C) Rabbi
D) Merchant
- 97. What document was issued by Benedict on 11 May 1415?
A) A Papal bull
B) A letter of safe conduct
C) A royal decree
D) A city ordinance
- 98. How often were Jews over the age of twelve required to listen to a Catholic sermon?
A) Thrice a year
B) Once a year
C) Once a month
D) Once a week
- 99. Which specific book were Jews forbidden from reading by the 1415 Papal bull?
A) The Torah
B) Macellum
C) The Mishnah
D) The Bible
- 100. In what year did Isabella I of Castile ascend the throne?
A) 1480
B) 1479
C) 1474
D) 1470
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