A) 5 million to 60 million B) 20 million to 200 million C) 50 million to 100 million D) 10 million to 148 million
A) Governmental secrecy only B) Definitions and ideological bias C) Inaccurate census reporting D) Lack of historical interest
A) Testing theoretical explanations and patterns B) Establishing absolute precision for every victim C) Solely investigating the Khmer Rouge D) Refuting the existence of communism
A) It is too broad for modern historians B) It excludes too many African nations C) It lacks an adequate explanation D) The regimes were too similar to be grouped
A) Michael Ellman and J. Arch Getty B) Rudolph Rummel and Zbigniew Brzezinski C) Stéphane Courtois and Martin Malia D) Steven Rosefielde and Julia Strauss
A) Death by Government B) The Black Book of Communism C) Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn D) Mao: The Unknown Story
A) 148 million B) Almost 60 million C) 94 million D) 21 million
A) He did not consider starvation as killing B) He felt it was an accidental event C) He believed Mao was misled and eventually stopped the famine D) He lacked access to Chinese archives
A) Mao: The Unknown Story B) Red Holocaust C) The Black Book of Communism D) Death by Government
A) As being too soft on communist crimes B) As ignoring historical archive materials C) As failing to account for forced labor D) As an overestimation based on low-quality sources
A) Klas-Göran Karlsson B) Nicolas Werth and Jean-Louis Margolin C) Stephen Kotkin D) Michael David-Fox
A) He accurately identified the economic causes of death B) He relied solely on archive data from the Soviet Union C) He linked disparate regimes under a 'generic communism' category D) He successfully separated Nazism from communism
A) 21 million to 70 million B) 60 million to 148 million C) 10 million to 30 million D) 90 million to 100 million
A) 2 million to 3 million B) 100 million to 110 million C) 20 million to 60 million D) 6.7 million to 15.5 million
A) Cambodia B) Hungary C) Soviet Union D) China
A) Direct combat in international wars B) Natural disasters C) Starvation from cruel social engineering projects D) Spontaneous civil uprisings
A) Red holocaust B) Democide C) Classicide D) Politicide
A) Classicide B) Politicide C) Democide D) Red holocaust
A) Barbara Harff B) Michael Mann C) Benjamin Valentino D) Rudolph Rummel
A) The Arduous March B) The Povolzhye famine C) The Great Purge D) The Cultural Revolution
A) Stéphane Courtois B) Mark Bradley C) Richard Pipes D) Alexander Dallin
A) Marxism is strictly opposed to any state-led violence. B) Marxism rejects moral norms, potentially legitimating atrocious crimes. C) Marxism prohibits violence against all non-combatants. D) Marxism explicitly requires peaceful revolution.
A) Andrzej Walicki B) Stéphane Courtois C) George Watson D) Jean-François Revel
A) Nationalist ideas B) Direct orders from the United Nations C) Capitalist market forces D) Religious fundamentalism
A) The belief in democratic decentralization B) The Leninist belief in the one-party state C) The belief in absolute free market capitalism D) The belief in total pacifism
A) Mengistu Haile Mariam B) Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev C) Joseph Stalin D) Felix Dzerzhinsky
A) Robert Conquest B) Mengistu Haile Mariam C) Stephen Hicks D) Vladimir Lenin
A) Imprison them for life B) Shoot them C) Re-educate them through labor D) Exile them
A) They were purely defensive measures against foreign invasion B) They were caused by outside interference C) They were an aberration that Lenin would have opposed D) They were a natural consequence of Lenin's system
A) Robert Gellately B) Eric D. Weitz C) Michael Mann D) Stephen Hicks
A) Concentration camps B) Freedom of the press C) Independent judicial review D) Democratic elections
A) Military spending B) Agricultural efficiency C) Industrial urbanization D) Protections of civil rights
A) The failure of the rule of law B) Excessive environmental regulation C) The lack of modern technology D) Religious conflict
A) Centralization or absolute anarchy B) Diplomacy or total war C) Capitalism or feudalism D) Changing course or choosing 'terror-command'
A) Extremely intellectual B) Pathological cruelty C) Diplomatic and cautious D) Physically imposing
A) Lack of interest in power B) Extreme paranoia C) A desire for global peace D) The advice of democratic councils
A) Spontaneous popular uprisings B) External pressure from Western powers C) Natural economic cycles D) Personalist leadership
A) Less than 10 percent B) Exactly 25 percent C) Over half D) All of them
A) The killing of peasants B) Mass starvation C) Political killing D) The killing of religious leaders
A) Benevolent B) Accidental C) Intentional D) Unavoidable
A) Capitalism B) Nationalism C) Totalitarianism D) Colonialism
A) Daniel Goldhagen B) Mike Davis C) Seumas Milne D) Vincent Bevins
A) Moscow B) Budapest C) Riga D) Tallinn
A) 2008 B) 1993 C) 2007 D) 2017
A) The White House B) The Smithsonian Institution C) The Supreme Court D) United States Congress
A) 812 B) 199 C) 627 D) 450
A) Tallinn B) Riga C) Budapest D) Moscow
A) Estonian Institute of Historical Memory B) National Capital Commission C) Department of Canadian Heritage D) The Senate of Canada
A) The President of the European Union B) Kersti Kaljulaid C) Laure Neumayer D) Kristen Ghodsee
A) Cambodia. B) Latvia. C) Estonia. D) Lithuania.
A) During the early 1930s. B) Before World War II. C) After World War II. D) In the late 1960s.
A) The International Military Tribunal B) NKVD C) The Baltic States Security Force D) The Chinese Communist Party
A) Publishing statistics regarding the Great Purge B) Public discussion of the Holodomor C) Criticizing the Red Army's role in the Baltic states D) Equating the USSR's actions with the Third Reich's actions
A) The Red Terror Economic Plan B) The National Program for Agricultural Development C) The Great Leap Forward D) The Cultural Revolution
A) A fine of 2,000 rubles B) Being buried alive C) Administrative detention for 15 days D) Exile to a labor camp
A) Pol Pot B) Eric D. Weitz C) Michael Mann D) Antoine Garapon
A) State totalitarianism B) Agrarian capitalism C) Democratic socialism D) Racial communism
A) 1979 B) 1997 C) 2022 D) 2018
A) 2 years B) 4 years C) 10 years D) 20 years
A) One quarter B) One third C) One half D) One tenth
A) 2018 B) 2022 C) 1979 D) 1997
A) 10 B) 100 C) 5 D) 33
A) Haile Selassie B) Meles Zenawi C) Traian Băsescu D) Vladimir Tismăneanu
A) Bucharest B) Maryland C) The Hague D) Addis Ababa
A) The Derg B) Save the Children Fund C) Presidential Commission D) Christian Solidarity Worldwide
A) Dennis Deletant B) Traian Băsescu C) Gheorghe Boldur-Lățescu D) Vladimir Tismăneanu
A) The Gulag System B) The Genocide Protocol C) The Pitești Experiment D) The Red Terror
A) Gheorghe Boldur-Lățescu B) Vladimir Tismăneanu C) Traian Băsescu D) Dennis Deletant
A) Public execution B) Deportation C) Psychiatric abuse D) Forced labor only
A) David Matas B) Venko Markovski C) Josip Broz Tito D) Milovan Đilas
A) Knićanin B) Belgrade C) Goli otok D) Bleiburg
A) 250,000 B) 10,000 C) Some 120,000 D) 50,000
A) The Russian gulags B) Goli otok C) Bleiburg D) Knićanin
A) Organizing a banned political party B) Spying for the Soviet Union C) Writing poems considered anti-Titoist D) Attempting to flee the country
A) The Soviet KGB B) The Italian OVRA C) The American FBI D) The Nazi Gestapo |