- 1. Where are poison dart frogs found mainly?
A) Central and South America
B) Africa
C) Australia
D) Asia
- 2. What do poison dart frogs eat primarily?
A) Small mammals
B) Insects
C) Fish
D) Plants
- 3. What is the purpose of the poison in a poison dart frog's skin?
A) Camouflage
B) Aiding in digestion
C) Attracting prey
D) Defense against predators
- 4. Which of the following is NOT a color variation of poison dart frogs?
A) Green
B) Brown
C) Blue
D) Yellow
- 5. How do poison dart frogs protect themselves in their environment?
A) Flying away
B) Digging burrows
C) Running at high speeds
D) Camouflage and toxicity
- 6. Which part of a poison dart frog's body contains the most potent toxins?
A) Tail
B) Eyes
C) Mouth
D) Skin
- 7. What is the main habitat of poison dart frogs?
A) Deserts
B) Grasslands
C) Tropical rainforests
D) Mountains
- 8. What family do poison dart frogs belong to?
A) Ranidae
B) Dendrobatidae
C) Bufonidae
D) Hylidae
- 9. What is the common name for the group of frogs in the family Dendrobatidae?
A) Toxic tree frog
B) Poison dart frog
C) Rainforest frog
D) Bright frog
- 10. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of most poison dart frogs?
A) They are toxic
B) They are nocturnal
C) They are brightly colored
D) They are diurnal
- 11. How many species of poison dart frogs have been documented as being used by aboriginal South Americans to poison blowdarts?
A) Four
B) Fifty
C) Ten
D) One hundred
- 12. What genus is characterized by the relatively large size and high levels of toxicity of its members?
A) Colostethus
B) Phyllobates
C) Ranitomeya
D) Dendrobates
- 13. What is the average adult length of most poison dart frogs?
A) 5 cm
B) 10 cm
C) 3 cm
D) Less than 1.5 cm
- 14. What is the average weight of adult poison dart frogs?
A) 10 g
B) 28 g
C) 100 g
D) 50 g
- 15. What kind of defense mechanism is associated with the bright coloration of poison dart frogs?
A) Camouflage
B) Cryptic coloration
C) Aposematism
D) Mimicry
- 16. How do adult poison dart frogs transport their tadpoles to suitable water?
A) Carrying them in their mouths
B) Leaving them on leaves
C) Piggybacking them one at a time
D) Placing them in their nests
- 17. Which of the following is NOT a natural habitat of poison dart frogs?
A) Rivers
B) Freshwater marshes
C) Deserts
D) Moist, lowland forests
- 18. Which of the following is a natural habitat of poison dart frogs?
A) Tundra
B) Deserts
C) Moist montanes
D) Grasslands
- 19. What is the maximum height from the ground that poison dart frogs can be found in trees?
A) 15 m
B) 20 m
C) 10 m
D) 5 m
- 20. What is the primary reason for the threatened status of many poison dart frog species?
A) Disease
B) Human infrastructure encroaching on their habitats
C) Climate change
D) Natural predators
- 21. How many times is aposematism thought to have originated within the poison dart frog family?
A) Five times
B) Twice
C) At least four times
D) Once
- 22. What is the primary method of feeding tadpoles in some poison dart frog species?
A) Unfertilized eggs laid at regular intervals by the mother
B) Waterborne algae
C) Plant leaves
D) Small insects
- 23. Which of the following is a habitat where poison dart frogs can be found?
A) Seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland
B) Deserts
C) Boreal forests
D) Tundra
- 24. What is a common characteristic of the natural habitats of poison dart frogs?
A) High-altitude environments
B) Cold environments
C) Dry environments
D) Moist environments
- 25. What is the primary reason for the introduction of poison dart frogs to Hawaii?
A) Human activity
B) Predator pressure
C) Climate change
D) Natural migration
- 26. How many genera are currently contained within the family Dendrobatidae?
A) 10
B) 25
C) 16
D) 20
- 27. What is the approximate number of species in the family Dendrobatidae?
A) 200
B) 300
C) 400
D) 100
- 28. How long ago did conspecific color morphs in some poison dart frog species emerge?
A) 1,000 years
B) 10,000 years
C) 6,000 years
D) 50,000 years
- 29. Which factor is believed to have influenced the evolution of polymorphism in Oophaga granulifera?
A) Geographical isolation
B) Variation in predation regimens
C) Dietary changes
D) Climate change
- 30. What contributed to differentiation among Bocas del Toro populations of Oophaga pumilio?
A) Climate
B) Diet
C) Sexual selection
D) Predation
- 31. How do poison dart frogs acquire their chemical defense mechanisms?
A) Through synthesis within their bodies
B) Through environmental absorption
C) Through symbiotic relationships
D) Through the consumption of toxic arthropods
- 32. What type of compounds do poison dart frogs secrete through their skin?
A) Acids
B) Carbohydrates
C) Proteins
D) Alkaloids
- 33. What is the name of the snake that has developed immunity to poison dart frog toxins?
A) Boa constrictor
B) Python regius
C) Erythrolamprus epinephalus
D) Crotalus atrox
- 34. What is the name of the painkiller derived from Epipedobates tricolor that is 200 times as potent as morphine?
A) Epibatidine
B) Codeine
C) Morphine
D) Heroin
- 35. Which company developed a derivative of epibatidine named Tebanicline?
A) Abbott Laboratories
B) Merck
C) Pfizer
D) Johnson & Johnson
- 36. What phase did Tebanicline reach in human trials before being dropped?
A) Phase III
B) Phase II
C) Phase I
D) Phase IV
- 37. How many mice can the toxin from an average golden poison frog kill?
A) About fifty thousand
B) About one hundred thousand
C) About twenty thousand
D) About ten thousand
- 38. Can captive-bred poison dart frogs accumulate alkaloids?
A) Only if they are exposed to wild populations
B) No, they cannot accumulate alkaloids
C) Only if they are genetically modified
D) Yes, when provided an alkaloidal diet
- 39. Which of the following is NOT typically part of the Dendrobatidae's primary diet?
A) Ants.
B) Mites.
C) Orthopteroids.
D) Small beetles.
- 40. What do female Dendrobatidae often do after courting with a male?
A) Exhibit aggressive behavior towards other females.
B) Share the male with other females.
C) Ignore other females.
D) Leave the territory.
- 41. What behavior do poison dart frogs exhibit that resembles copulation but is actually territorial?
A) Wrestling matches
B) Nest building
C) Egg laying
D) Feeding
- 42. What is the operational sex ratio in the poison dart frog family?
A) Male biased
B) Unpredictable
C) Equal
D) Female biased
- 43. Where are the female poison dart frogs typically located when they receive the male's call?
A) In caves
B) Near the stream
C) On the ground
D) In the forest canopy
- 44. What may females do after a day of active pursuit during courtship?
A) Flee from the males
B) Always accept males
C) Occasionally reject males
D) Leave the area
- 45. Who usually chooses the oviposition site in poison dart frogs?
A) Both together
B) The females
C) Neither, it is random
D) The males
- 46. What is the origin of all species of poison dart frogs?
A) Australian
B) Neotropical
C) African
D) Asian
- 47. What is the ideal daytime temperature range for poison dart frogs in captivity?
A) 50 °F (10 °C) to 60 °F (16 °C)
B) 80 °F (27 °C) to 90 °F (32 °C)
C) 72 °F (22 °C) to 80 °F (27 °C)
D) 60 °F (16 °C) to 65 °F (18 °C)
- 48. What is the ideal humidity range for poison dart frogs in captivity?
A) 30 to 50%
B) 100 to 120%
C) 50 to 70%
D) 80 to 100%
- 49. What disease is caused by the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd)?
A) Tuberculosis
B) Malaria
C) Influenza
D) Chytridiomycosis
- 50. Which media source features images of Dendrobatidae?
A) CalPhotos
B) Audubon Society
C) National Geographic
D) BBC Wildlife
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