- 1. Where are poison dart frogs found mainly?
A) Asia
B) Central and South America
C) Africa
D) Australia
- 2. What do poison dart frogs eat primarily?
A) Insects
B) Plants
C) Fish
D) Small mammals
- 3. What is the purpose of the poison in a poison dart frog's skin?
A) Aiding in digestion
B) Camouflage
C) Defense against predators
D) Attracting prey
- 4. Which of the following is NOT a color variation of poison dart frogs?
A) Yellow
B) Green
C) Brown
D) Blue
- 5. How do poison dart frogs protect themselves in their environment?
A) Camouflage and toxicity
B) Flying away
C) Digging burrows
D) Running at high speeds
- 6. Which part of a poison dart frog's body contains the most potent toxins?
A) Tail
B) Mouth
C) Eyes
D) Skin
- 7. What is the main habitat of poison dart frogs?
A) Grasslands
B) Deserts
C) Mountains
D) Tropical rainforests
- 8. What family do poison dart frogs belong to?
A) Hylidae
B) Ranidae
C) Bufonidae
D) Dendrobatidae
- 9. What is the common name for the group of frogs in the family Dendrobatidae?
A) Bright frog
B) Poison dart frog
C) Rainforest frog
D) Toxic tree frog
- 10. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of most poison dart frogs?
A) They are brightly colored
B) They are toxic
C) They are diurnal
D) They are nocturnal
- 11. How many species of poison dart frogs have been documented as being used by aboriginal South Americans to poison blowdarts?
A) One hundred
B) Fifty
C) Ten
D) Four
- 12. What genus is characterized by the relatively large size and high levels of toxicity of its members?
A) Phyllobates
B) Colostethus
C) Ranitomeya
D) Dendrobates
- 13. What is the average adult length of most poison dart frogs?
A) 3 cm
B) Less than 1.5 cm
C) 5 cm
D) 10 cm
- 14. What is the average weight of adult poison dart frogs?
A) 100 g
B) 50 g
C) 10 g
D) 28 g
- 15. What kind of defense mechanism is associated with the bright coloration of poison dart frogs?
A) Cryptic coloration
B) Camouflage
C) Aposematism
D) Mimicry
- 16. How do adult poison dart frogs transport their tadpoles to suitable water?
A) Piggybacking them one at a time
B) Placing them in their nests
C) Leaving them on leaves
D) Carrying them in their mouths
- 17. Which of the following is NOT a natural habitat of poison dart frogs?
A) Freshwater marshes
B) Deserts
C) Rivers
D) Moist, lowland forests
- 18. Which of the following is a natural habitat of poison dart frogs?
A) Moist montanes
B) Grasslands
C) Tundra
D) Deserts
- 19. What is the maximum height from the ground that poison dart frogs can be found in trees?
A) 15 m
B) 5 m
C) 10 m
D) 20 m
- 20. What is the primary reason for the threatened status of many poison dart frog species?
A) Disease
B) Human infrastructure encroaching on their habitats
C) Climate change
D) Natural predators
- 21. How many times is aposematism thought to have originated within the poison dart frog family?
A) At least four times
B) Twice
C) Once
D) Five times
- 22. What is the primary method of feeding tadpoles in some poison dart frog species?
A) Plant leaves
B) Unfertilized eggs laid at regular intervals by the mother
C) Waterborne algae
D) Small insects
- 23. Which of the following is a habitat where poison dart frogs can be found?
A) Tundra
B) Deserts
C) Boreal forests
D) Seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland
- 24. What is a common characteristic of the natural habitats of poison dart frogs?
A) Moist environments
B) Dry environments
C) Cold environments
D) High-altitude environments
- 25. What is the primary reason for the introduction of poison dart frogs to Hawaii?
A) Climate change
B) Human activity
C) Natural migration
D) Predator pressure
- 26. How many genera are currently contained within the family Dendrobatidae?
A) 25
B) 20
C) 16
D) 10
- 27. What is the approximate number of species in the family Dendrobatidae?
A) 400
B) 300
C) 200
D) 100
- 28. How long ago did conspecific color morphs in some poison dart frog species emerge?
A) 6,000 years
B) 50,000 years
C) 10,000 years
D) 1,000 years
- 29. Which factor is believed to have influenced the evolution of polymorphism in Oophaga granulifera?
A) Geographical isolation
B) Climate change
C) Dietary changes
D) Variation in predation regimens
- 30. What contributed to differentiation among Bocas del Toro populations of Oophaga pumilio?
A) Climate
B) Sexual selection
C) Predation
D) Diet
- 31. How do poison dart frogs acquire their chemical defense mechanisms?
A) Through the consumption of toxic arthropods
B) Through symbiotic relationships
C) Through synthesis within their bodies
D) Through environmental absorption
- 32. What type of compounds do poison dart frogs secrete through their skin?
A) Carbohydrates
B) Proteins
C) Acids
D) Alkaloids
- 33. What is the name of the snake that has developed immunity to poison dart frog toxins?
A) Erythrolamprus epinephalus
B) Boa constrictor
C) Python regius
D) Crotalus atrox
- 34. What is the name of the painkiller derived from Epipedobates tricolor that is 200 times as potent as morphine?
A) Codeine
B) Epibatidine
C) Morphine
D) Heroin
- 35. Which company developed a derivative of epibatidine named Tebanicline?
A) Pfizer
B) Merck
C) Abbott Laboratories
D) Johnson & Johnson
- 36. What phase did Tebanicline reach in human trials before being dropped?
A) Phase II
B) Phase III
C) Phase I
D) Phase IV
- 37. How many mice can the toxin from an average golden poison frog kill?
A) About twenty thousand
B) About one hundred thousand
C) About fifty thousand
D) About ten thousand
- 38. Can captive-bred poison dart frogs accumulate alkaloids?
A) Only if they are genetically modified
B) Only if they are exposed to wild populations
C) No, they cannot accumulate alkaloids
D) Yes, when provided an alkaloidal diet
- 39. Which of the following is NOT typically part of the Dendrobatidae's primary diet?
A) Ants.
B) Mites.
C) Orthopteroids.
D) Small beetles.
- 40. What do female Dendrobatidae often do after courting with a male?
A) Leave the territory.
B) Share the male with other females.
C) Exhibit aggressive behavior towards other females.
D) Ignore other females.
- 41. What behavior do poison dart frogs exhibit that resembles copulation but is actually territorial?
A) Nest building
B) Egg laying
C) Feeding
D) Wrestling matches
- 42. What is the operational sex ratio in the poison dart frog family?
A) Female biased
B) Male biased
C) Equal
D) Unpredictable
- 43. Where are the female poison dart frogs typically located when they receive the male's call?
A) On the ground
B) Near the stream
C) In the forest canopy
D) In caves
- 44. What may females do after a day of active pursuit during courtship?
A) Flee from the males
B) Leave the area
C) Always accept males
D) Occasionally reject males
- 45. Who usually chooses the oviposition site in poison dart frogs?
A) Both together
B) The males
C) The females
D) Neither, it is random
- 46. What is the origin of all species of poison dart frogs?
A) Neotropical
B) Asian
C) African
D) Australian
- 47. What is the ideal daytime temperature range for poison dart frogs in captivity?
A) 80 °F (27 °C) to 90 °F (32 °C)
B) 72 °F (22 °C) to 80 °F (27 °C)
C) 60 °F (16 °C) to 65 °F (18 °C)
D) 50 °F (10 °C) to 60 °F (16 °C)
- 48. What is the ideal humidity range for poison dart frogs in captivity?
A) 80 to 100%
B) 100 to 120%
C) 50 to 70%
D) 30 to 50%
- 49. What disease is caused by the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd)?
A) Influenza
B) Chytridiomycosis
C) Malaria
D) Tuberculosis
- 50. Which media source features images of Dendrobatidae?
A) CalPhotos
B) BBC Wildlife
C) Audubon Society
D) National Geographic
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