A) Cesare Lombroso B) Emile Durkheim C) Cesare Beccaria D) Jeremy Bentham
A) A. Crime is caused by biological factors B) C. Crime is determined by social forces C) B. Humans have free will and choose their actions D) D. Only the poor commit crime
A) C. They learn it from friends B) A. They are born criminals C) D. Society is disorganized D) B. The pleasure from the act outweighs the pain of punishment
A) D. Social disorganization B) A. The pleasure-pain principle / hedonistic calculus C) B. Atavism D) C. Anomie
A) B. Certain B) D. Cruel and excessive C) C. Proportionate D) A. Swift
A) B. Some individuals have diminished capacity (children, insane) B) A. No one has free will C) C. All crime is biological D) D. Punishment never works
A) C. Treatment B) D. Social reform C) A. Retribution and deterrence D) B. Rehabilitation only
A) B. "The punishment should fit the crime" B) A. "Criminals are born, not made" C) D. "Crime is a disease" D) C. "Poverty causes crime"
A) D. 20th Century B) C. Industrial Revolution C) A. Middle Ages D) B. Enlightenment / 18th Century
A) D. Crime is caused by supernatural forces B) C. Free will does not exist C) B. Not all individuals are equally responsible for their actions D) A. Children should be punished the same as adults
A) D. Edwin Sutherland B) A. Cesare Beccaria C) C. Cesare Lombroso D) B. Jeremy Bentham
A) C. Always the fault of the victim B) D. A spiritual failing C) A. A result of free will D) B. Determined by biological, psychological, and social factors
A) A. A learned behavior B) D. Social rebellion C) C. A mental illness D) B. Criminals as evolutionary throwbacks / primitive traits
A) C. Occasional criminals B) A. Born criminals C) D. White-collar criminals D) B. Insane criminals
A) C. Social class B) D. Family background C) B. Body build / physique D) A. Their intelligence
A) D. Pyknic B) C. Mesomorphic C) A. Ectomorphic D) B. Endomorphic
A) C. Endomorphic B) A. Mesomorphic C) D. Athletic D) B. Ectomorphic
A) A. Body weight B) C. Blood type C) B. The shape of the skull and brain areas D) D. Education level
A) C. DNA patterns B) B. Brain waves C) A. Facial features and their relation to character D) D. Family trees
A) A. XYY Theory B) D. Anomie Theory C) B. Somatotyping D) B. Somatotyping
A) D. Were made, not born B) A. Could be reformed through education C) B. Could be identified by physical anomalies D) A. Could be reformed through education
A) A. Strain Theory B) B. Social Learning Theory C) C. Criminal Atavism D) B. Social Learning Theory
A) C. Professional thieves B) A. Born criminals C) B. Occasional criminals who commit crime due to circumstances D) D. White-collar criminals
A) B. A violation of natural moral sentiments (pity and probity) B) D. Caused by poverty C) C. Always political D) A. Relative to each society
A) D. Psychological factors B) A. Biological factors C) C. Social factors D) A. Biological factors
A) D. All of the above B) A. Id, Ego, Superego C) B. Pleasure, Reality, Morality D) B. Pleasure, Reality, Morality
A) D. Conscious B) A. Ego C) C. Id D) B. Superego
A) A. Id B) D. Subconscious C) D. Subconscious D) C. Superego
A) D. Proper childhood development B) B. A weak ego or superego C) A. A strong superego D) D. Proper childhood development
A) D. Sublimation B) A. Displacement C) B. Projection D) A. Displacement
A) D. Reaction Formation B) B. Projection C) A. Denial / Rationalization D) B. Projection
A) D. Strain Theory B) B. Psychoanalytic Theory C) A. Intelligence Theory D) C. Social Disorganization Theory
A) C. Bad neighborhoods B) A. Poverty C) D. Peer influence D) B. Mental illness or emotional disturbance
A) B. Differential Association B) A. The M'Naghten Rule C) C. Anomie D) D. Labeling Theory
A) A. Extroverted only B) D. Introverted and shy C) A. Extroverted only D) C. Impulsive, aggressive, and lacking empathy
A) B. Normlessness / breakdown of social rules B) D. Crime wave C) C. Poverty D) D. Crime wave
A) B. Society blocks their access to success goals through legitimate means B) D. They have too many opportunities C) A. They are born criminals D) A. They are born criminals
A) C. 5 B) 6 C) 1 D) 4
A) D. Retreatist B) B. Innovator C) A. Conformist D) A. Conformist
A) A. Innovator B) A. Innovator C) C. Retreatist D) D. Rebel
A) A. Conformists B) D. Innovators C) A. Conformists D) C. Rebels
A) D. Only following rules when watched B) B. Accepting both goals and means C) C. Stealing to get rich D) D. Only following rules when watched
A) C. Sutherland and Cressey B) D. Becker and Lemert C) A. Shaw and McKay D) B. Merton and Durkheim
A) C. Individual personality B) A. Bad genes C) B. Neighborhood decay, poverty, and weak social institutions D) C. Individual personality
A) D. Government districts B) A. Wealthy suburbs C) B. Areas surrounding city center with highest crime rates D) D. Government districts
A) C. Unpredictable B) D. Declining C) B. Higher and stable over time D) A. Lower than average
A) A. Criminals are biologically different B) B. Lower-class values conflict with middle-class norms C) D. All cultures produce equal crime D) A. Criminals are biologically different
A) A. Middle-class values B) A. Middle-class values C) B. A cultural adaptation to maintain respect in disorganized neighborhoods D) D. Legal standards
A) D. Media influence B) C. Bad parenting only C) B. Poverty and unequal access to opportunities D) A. Individual evil
A) A. Biological B) A. Biological C) C. Social Process D) B. Social Structure
A) A. Differential Association Theory B) D. Routine Activities Theory C) B. Strain Theory D) C. Labeling Theory
A) C. Caused by poverty B) D. A result of mental illness C) B. Learned through interaction with others D) C. Caused by poverty
A) C. Rewards, punishments, modeling B) A. Frequency, duration, priority, and intensity C) B. Biology, psychology, sociology D) B. Biology, psychology, sociology
A) D. Leave the community B) A. Become a police officer C) B. Commit crime D) D. Leave the community
A) C. Families are poor B) B. Criminal values are learned within families C) D. It is a coincidence D) A. Genes cause it
A) D. Emile Durkheim B) A. Albert Bandura C) B. Edwin Sutherland D) B. Edwin Sutherland
A) B. Biological inheritance B) C. Anomie C) C. Anomie D) A. Observation, imitation, and modeling
A) A. Don't know right from wrong B) C. Are born criminals C) C. Are born criminals D) B. Learn to justify their actions to maintain self-concept as good people
A) A. Denial of responsibility B) B. Denial of injury C) D. Denial of reality D) A. Denial of responsibility
A) A. Denial of the victim B) C. Condemnation of the condemners C) C. Condemnation of the condemners D) B. Appeal to higher loyalties
A) B. Cesare Lombroso B) A. Howard Becker and Edwin Lemert C) D. Shaw and McKay D) C. Robert Merton
A) C. Career criminality B) D. Shaw and McKay C) B. Initial acts that have little effect on self-identity D) C. Career criminality
A) A. The person is never caught B) D. Someone else takes the blame C) B. The deviant label becomes part of self-identity and behavior D) D. Someone else takes the blame
A) D. Government officials B) C. The powerless, poor, and marginalized C) D. Government officials D) A. The wealthy
A) C. The biological cause B) A. Who commits it and how society reacts to it C) B. How much money was lost D) C. The biological cause
A) B. Edwin Sutherland B) D. Emile Durkheim C) D. Emile Durkheim D) A. Travis Hirschi
A) B. Commitment B) A. Attachment C) D. Intelligence D) B. Commitment
A) B. Commitment B) A. Attachment C) B. Attachment D) C. Involvement
A) A. Attachment B) D. Belief C) C. Involvement D) B. Commitment
A) C. Involvement B) D. Belief C) D. Belief D) A. Commitment
A) D. Commitment B) A. Involvement C) C. Attachment D) B. Belief
A) A. Are irrational B) C. Are forced by society C) C. Are forced by society D) B. Weigh costs and benefits before acting
A) B. Potential reward B) C. Severity of punishment C) D. All of the above D) A. Risk of getting caught
A) B. Shaw and McKay B) C. Sutherland and Cressey C) A. Cohen and Felson D) C. Sutherland and Cressey
A) B. Motivated offender, suitable target, lack of capable guardian B) C. Offender, victim, witness C) D. Opportunity, skill, desire D) D. Opportunity, skill, desire
A) A. A suitable target B) C. A capable guardian C) D. A deterrent patrol D) D. A deterrent patrol
A) A. Crime increases with age B) B. Most people naturally stop committing crime as they get older C) A. Crime increases with age D) C. Only young people commit crime
A) C. Biological traits only B) B. Changes in criminal behavior across a person's entire life C) D. One single cause of crime D) A. Only childhood
A) D. All of the above B) B. Getting a stable job C) B. Getting a stable job D) A. Getting married
A) C. Biological defects B) D. Poor parenting C) D. Poor parenting D) B. Power inequality and struggle between social classes
A) C. Unnecessary restrictions B) D. Naturally occurring moral standards C) B. Tools used by the powerful to protect their interests D) D. Naturally occurring moral standards
A) B. Individual laziness B) B. Individual laziness C) D. Cultural traditions D) A. Capitalism and class conflict
A) B. Repairing harm to victims and community B) C. Locking everyone up C) D. Retribution D) A. Punishing the offender severely
A) A. Only criminals B) C. Court procedures C) B. The role of victims in crime causation and prevention D) C. Court procedures
A) A. Victim Precipitation B) C. Victim Denial C) B. Victim Blaming D) C. Victim Denial
A) A. They are unlucky B) D. They don't pray enough C) D. They don't pray enough D) B. Their daily activities expose them to places/times with higher risk
A) C. Prove that biology is everything B) D. Prove that society doesn't matter C) B. Combine concepts from multiple theories D) D. Prove that society doesn't matter
A) D. Only peer pressure B) B. Failure to achieve goals, loss of positive stimuli, and presentation of negative stimuli C) A. Only financial goals D) D. Only peer pressure
A) D. No reaction B) D. No reaction C) B. Negative emotions like anger and frustration D) A. Happiness
A) B. Race, gender, religion, and other sources of inequality B) A. Class only C) D. Psychology D) D. Psychology
A) A. Women commit more crime than men B) D. Gender doesn't matter in crime C) D. Gender doesn't matter in crime D) B. Traditional theories were developed mostly by men about men
A) B. How language, discourse, and power define what is "criminal" B) C. Biological causes C) C. Biological causes D) A. Objective facts only
A) C. Better parenting B) B. The threat of punishment C) A. Removing all opportunities D) C. Better parenting
A) C. Rehabilitate offenders B) C. Rehabilitate offenders C) B. Discourage the general public from committing crime D) A. Scare the specific offender
A) D. Educate the public B) D. Educate the public C) A. Scare society at large D) B. Prevent the SAME individual from reoffending
A) C. Changing society B) C. Changing society C) A. Changing the offender's personality D) B. Changing the immediate environment to reduce opportunities
A) C. More prisons B) C. More prisons C) B. Improved lighting, visibility, and natural surveillance D) A. Better parenting
A) C. Windows should be stronger B) D. Poverty equals crime C) B. Visible signs of disorder encourage more serious crime D) D. Poverty equals crime
A) B. Biological determinism B) C. Labeling — they were treated differently C) B. Biological determinism D) A. Differential Association — one learned criminal values, the other didn't
A) D. Prove one theory is perfect B) D. Prove one theory is perfect C) A. Blame individuals D) C. Understand causes to develop effective prevention and intervention |