- 1. The Development of Christian Doctrine and Theology has been a profound and evolving journey, rooted in the teachings of Jesus Christ and the apostolic traditions that followed his life and ministry. From the early days of the Church, as leaders and theologians such as the Apostle Paul articulated the significance of Jesus' death and resurrection, to the formation of the Nicene Creed in the fourth century, the foundations of Christian belief were being carefully laid. During the Patristic period, Church Fathers like Augustine and Athanasius grappled with complex theological questions regarding the nature of God, the divinity of Christ, and the relationship of the Holy Spirit, all of which contributed to a richer understanding of the Trinity. As Christianity spread throughout the Roman Empire and beyond, different cultural contexts and philosophical ideas influenced theological thought, leading to further developments such as scholasticism in the Middle Ages, where figures like Thomas Aquinas sought to reconcile faith with reason. The Reformation in the 16th century marked a significant shift as reformers like Martin Luther and John Calvin challenged established doctrines and ecclesiastical authority, emphasizing the primacy of Scripture and the doctrine of justification by faith. In the modern era, the rise of biblical criticism and existential philosophy has prompted new interpretations and discussions regarding the nature of revelation, the role of the Church, and the relevance of Christian doctrine in contemporary society. Thus, the development of Christian doctrine and theology is not merely a historical recounting of beliefs but a dynamic interplay of faith, reason, culture, and experience, reflecting the Church's ongoing search for understanding and the truth of the divine amidst a changing world.
What is the primary source of Christian doctrine?
A) Church Council Decisions
B) Tradition
C) Philosophy
D) The Bible
- 2. The Nicene Creed was established in which year?
A) 451 AD
B) 400 AD
C) 313 AD
D) 325 AD
- 3. What council addressed the Arian controversy?
A) The Council of Chalcedon
B) The Council of Ephesus
C) The Second Vatican Council
D) The First Council of Nicaea
- 4. What doctrine states that Jesus is fully God and fully man?
A) Trinity
B) Incarnation
C) Transubstantiation
D) Hypostatic Union
- 5. Which 16th-century movement sought to reform the Catholic Church?
A) The Enlightenment
B) The Counter-Reformation
C) The Great Schism
D) The Protestant Reformation
- 6. Who is credited with the 95 Theses?
A) Huldrych Zwingli
B) Henry VIII
C) Martin Luther
D) John Calvin
- 7. What does Transubstantiation refer to?
A) The Lord's Supper being symbolic
B) The resurrection of Christ
C) Baptism for infants
D) The change of bread and wine into Christ's body and blood
- 8. Which Gospel emphasizes Jesus' divinity?
A) The Gospel of Matthew
B) The Gospel of Mark
C) The Gospel of John
D) The Gospel of Luke
- 9. What term describes the authoritative list of books in the Bible?
A) Canon
B) Apocrypha
C) Septuagint
D) Scripture
- 10. What is the meaning of 'Apostolic Succession'?
A) The establishment of church creeds
B) The process of biblical interpretation
C) The unbroken transmission of spiritual authority from the Apostles
D) The cycle of church seasons
- 11. Which theologian is known for the concept of predestination?
A) Ignatius of Loyola
B) Martin Luther
C) John Calvin
D) Pelagius
- 12. Which Council defined the two natures of Christ?
A) Council of Chalcedon
B) Council of Nicaea
C) Council of Ephesus
D) Vatican II
- 13. Which doctrine is the belief in Mary as the Mother of God?
A) Assumption
B) Theotokos
C) Immaculate Conception
D) Purgatory
- 14. Which heresy denies the humanity of Christ?
A) Arianism
B) Gnosticism
C) Pelagianism
D) Docetism
- 15. Who translated the Bible into Latin, known as the Vulgate?
A) John Wycliffe
B) Martin Luther
C) Jerome
D) William Tyndale
- 16. Which branch of Christianity primarily adheres to the teachings of John Wesley?
A) Anglicanism
B) Lutheranism
C) Methodism
D) Calvinism
- 17. What is the term for the study of the end times?
A) Christology
B) Soteriology
C) Theology Proper
D) Eschatology
- 18. The doctrine that God is all-knowing is known as?
A) Omniscience
B) Omnipotence
C) Omnipresence
D) Immanence
- 19. Which movement emphasizes the power of the Holy Spirit?
A) Liberalism
B) Anglicanism
C) Pentecostalism
D) Fundamentalism
- 20. Which term refers to Jesus’ sacrificial death?
A) Ascension
B) Resurrection
C) Incarnation
D) Atonement
- 21. What document formally started the Protestant Reformation?
A) Ninety-Five Theses
B) Augsburg Confession
C) Westminster Confession
D) Council of Nicaea
- 22. What is the primary focus of liberation theology?
A) Social justice
B) Mystical experience
C) Tradition
D) Intellectualism
- 23. The concept of 'original sin' was primarily developed by which theologian?
A) Thomas Aquinas
B) St. Augustine
C) John Calvin
D) Martin Luther
- 24. What does 'schism' mean in a religious context?
A) A theological debate
B) A type of liturgical practice
C) An ecumenical gathering
D) A split or division in the Church
- 25. The idea that Scripture alone is the authority is known as what?
A) Sola Fide
B) Ecclesia et Ecclesiae
C) Sola Scriptura
D) Sciptura et Tradition
- 26. Which of the following is a key figure in the Eastern Orthodox Church?
A) Cardinal
B) Pastor
C) Patriarch
D) Bishop
- 27. What does the term 'Catholic' originally mean?
A) Universal
B) Local
C) Secular
D) Traditional
- 28. The document 'Nostra Aetate' is associated with which council?
A) Lateran IV
B) First Nicaea
C) Vatican II
D) Council of Trent
- 29. Who is credited with the 'Five Ways' of proving God's existence?
A) Ignatius of Loyola
B) Blaise Pascal
C) Thomas Aquinas
D) Anselm of Canterbury
- 30. What is the term for the official teachings of the Church?
A) Dogma
B) Creed
C) Ritual
D) Doctrine
- 31. Which creed was formulated in 325 AD?
A) Nicene Creed
B) Athanasian Creed
C) Apostles' Creed
D) Chalcedonian Creed
- 32. Which of the following is considered a sacrament in most Christian traditions?
A) Baptism
B) Sermon
C) Prayer
D) Confession
- 33. Which doctrine is associated with the Virgin Mary?
A) Transubstantiation
B) Immaculate Conception
C) Hypostatic Union
D) Atonement
- 34. What is the term for God's grace that cannot be earned?
A) Repentant grace
B) Sacramental grace
C) Unmerited grace
D) Common grace
- 35. Which issue did Martin Luther challenge?
A) The Papacy
B) Transubstantiation
C) Indulgences
D) Justification by Faith
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