- 1. Clinical immunology is the branch of medicine that focuses on diagnosing and treating disorders related to the immune system. This field encompasses a wide range of conditions, including allergies, autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiencies, and transplant rejection. Clinical immunologists work closely with patients to understand the underlying causes of their immune-related health issues and develop personalized treatment plans. They may utilize a variety of techniques, such as blood tests, imaging studies, and immunotherapy, to help manage and alleviate symptoms. By studying the body's immune responses, clinical immunologists play a crucial role in improving patient outcomes and enhancing overall quality of life.
What is the main function of T cells in immunology?
A) Phagocytosis
B) Producing antibodies
C) Secreting cytokines
D) Regulating immune responses
- 2. Which type of immunity is acquired through vaccination?
A) Innate immunity
B) Adaptive immunity
C) Passive immunity
D) Cell-mediated immunity
- 3. Which cells are responsible for antibody production?
A) Macrophages
B) T cells
C) NK cells
D) B cells
- 4. Which immunoglobulin is the most abundant in serum?
A) IgA
B) IgG
C) IgE
D) IgM
- 5. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves IgE antibodies?
A) Type III
B) Type II
C) Type I
D) Type IV
- 6. Which cells express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules?
A) Cytotoxic T cells
B) Antigen-presenting cells
C) Neutrophils
D) NK cells
- 7. Where do B cells mature and differentiate?
A) Lymph nodes
B) Spleen
C) Thymus
D) Bone marrow
- 8. What is the purpose of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in the immune system?
A) Regulating inflammation
B) Directly killing pathogens
C) Producing antibodies
D) Presenting antigens to T cells
- 9. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves immune complex formation?
A) Type IV
B) Type II
C) Type III
D) Type I
- 10. What is the function of regulatory T cells?
A) Killing infected cells
B) Activating B cells
C) Producing antibodies
D) Suppressing immune responses
- 11. Which molecule is targeted by monoclonal antibody therapies in autoimmune diseases?
A) Complement proteins
B) MHC molecules
C) Cytokines
D) Immunoglobulins
- 12. Which cells secrete antibodies in response to antigens?
A) Memory B cells
B) Plasma cells
C) Mast cells
D) T cells
- 13. Which cells are responsible for immune surveillance against cancer cells?
A) Natural killer cells
B) Macrophages
C) Regulatory T cells
D) Dendritic cells
- 14. Where do T cells mature?
A) Bone marrow
B) Lymph nodes
C) Thymus
D) Spleen
- 15. Which immunodeficiency disorder is caused by a genetic defect in B cells?
A) DiGeorge syndrome
B) Ataxia-telangiectasia
C) X-linked agammaglobulinemia
D) SCID
- 16. Which cytokine promotes the differentiation of B cells into plasma cells?
A) IL-6
B) TNF-alpha
C) IFN-gamma
D) IL-2
- 17. Which type of immunodeficiency disorder is characterized by low levels of immunoglobulins in the blood?
A) CVID
B) Hypogammaglobulinemia
C) Ataxia-telangiectasia
D) DiGeorge syndrome
- 18. Which antibody is involved in defense against parasites?
A) IgM
B) IgE
C) IgG
D) IgA
- 19. Which cytokine is responsible for promoting growth and differentiation of B cells?
A) Interleukin-4
B) Interferon-gamma
C) Interleukin-10
D) Tumor necrosis factor
- 20. Which immunoglobulin plays a role in mucosal immunity and provides passive immunity to infants through breast milk?
A) IgM
B) IgD
C) IgA
D) IgE
- 21. What is the primary function of toll-like receptors in the innate immune response?
A) Induce antibody production
B) Regulate inflammation
C) Recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns
D) Activate complement system
- 22. Which of the following is not a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecule?
A) CD8
B) HLA-DP
C) HLA-DR
D) HLA-DQ
- 23. What is the hallmark of a secondary immune response compared to a primary immune response?
A) Fewer memory cells generated
B) Higher antigen dose required for response
C) Faster and more robust response
D) Decreased antibody production
- 24. Which pattern recognition receptor is responsible for recognizing bacterial cell wall components such as lipopolysaccharide?
A) TLR4
B) NOD2
C) TLR9
D) RIG-I
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